Ixeris dentata and Lactobacillus gasseri Extracts Improve Salivary Secretion Capability in Diabetes-Associated Dry Mouth Rat Model

Abstract

Dry mouth, hyposalivation, or xerostomia is a significant problem in diabetic patients; however, there has been no way to relieve these symptoms. This study’s aim was to evaluate the effects of Ixeris dentata (IXD) in combination with lactobacillus extract on the salivation rate in diabetes-induced dry mouth, and its mechanism was also investigated. In the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model, the dry mouth condition was established as a model. Here, rats were treated with water or IXD through the sublingual spray, and subsequently treated with or without a spray of lactobacillus extract. In diabetes condition, the salivary flow rate, amylase activity, and aquaporin-5 and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) expressions were markedly decreased, whereas they were more significantly recovered in the sequential treatment of IXD-lactobacillus extract than in each single treatment. Furthermore, oxidative stress and its related ER stress response were especially regulated in the IXD/lactobacillus extract condition, where the following anti-oxidative enzymes, glutathione assay (GSH: GSSG) ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were involved. This study suggests that the combination of IXD and lactobacillus would be a potential alternative medicine against diabetes-induced hyposalivation and xerostomia.

Ixeris dentata and Lactobacillus gasseri media protect against periodontitis through Nrf2-HO-1 signalling pathway

“…Oxidative stress is crucial for regulating the course of periodontitis 14 . In this investigation, IXD/LGM was used as an antioxidant due to its proven antioxidant properties 19 and anticipated protective effect against oxidative damage. Additionally, IXD contains polyphenols, which contribute to its ability to regulate free radicals.…”

Artesunate Combined With Metformin Ameliorate on Diabetes-Induced Xerostomia by Mitigating Superior Salivatory Nucleus and Salivary Glands Injury in Type 2 Diabetic Rats via the PI3K/AKT Pathway

“…It is well known that salivary secretion is regulated by superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) located in the lateral reticular formation of the brainstem ( Mitoh et al, 2017 ). Most of the currently available studies have primarily focused on pathophysiology of salivary gland injury caused by hyperglycemia ( Huang et al, 2018b ; Lee et al, 2020 ; Xiang et al, 2020 ), with few studies focusing on the pathological changes of SSN that regulates saliva secretion in hyperglycemia. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of this study was to fill the gap in the literature, which can aid in the development of therapeutic strategies to ameliorate diabetes-induced hyposalivation.…”