IV. <i>On molecular latent heat</i>

Trouton, Fred. T.

doi:10.1080/14786448408627563

Cited by 223 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…The binding energy is deduced from the heat of vaporization that reduces with temperature at a rate governed by the entropy of evaporation. For many materials, this entropy is 10.5 k per atom or molecule, where k is the Boltzmann constant, and this rule is known as Trouton's rule [35], which is good for many materials [36] and organic compounds with a low degree of order [37,38]. The fractional change in U is thus 10.5 k/U and is shown by the dashed red line in Figure 4a.…”

Section: Sputtering Yieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Temperature Effects in the Argon Cluster Ion Sputter Depth Profiling of Organic Materials Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Seah

Havelund

Gilmore

2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Abstract. A study is presented of the effects of sample temperature on the sputter depth profiling of two organic materials, NPB (N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine) and Irganox 1010, using a 5 keV Ar 2000 + cluster ion beam and analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is shown that at low temperatures, the yields increase slowly with temperature in accordance with the Universal Sputtering Yield equation where the energy term is now modified by Trouton's rule. This occurs up to a transition temperature, T T , which is, in turn, approximately 0.8T M , where T M is the sample melting temperature in Kelvin. For NPB and Irganox 1010, these transition temperatures are close to 15°C and 0°C, respectively. Above this temperature, the rate of increase of the sputtering yield rises by an order of magnitude. During sputtering, the depth resolution also changes with temperature with a very small change occurring below T T . At higher temperatures, the depth resolution improves but then rapidly degrades, possibly as a result first of local crater surface diffusion and then of bulk inter-diffusion. The secondary ion spectra also change with temperature with the intensities of the molecular entities increasing least. This agrees with a model in which the molecular entities arise near the crater rim. It is recommended that for consistent results, measurements for organic materials are always made at temperatures significantly below T T or 0.8 T M , and this is generally below room temperature.

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Section: Sputtering Yieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Temperature Effects in the Argon Cluster Ion Sputter Depth Profiling of Organic Materials Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Seah

Havelund

Gilmore

2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Gas phase heats of formation [∆ f H • (g, M)] were calculated with the atomization method using CBS-4M enthalpies (computed by GAUSSIAN09W.A.02) [25 -30]. The gas phase enthalpies of formation ∆H m (g) were converted into the solid-state enthalpies of formation [∆H m (s)] by using the Trouton rule [31,32].…”

Section: Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Stable 3,6-Disubstituted 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines

Klapötke

Preimesser

Stierstorfer

2013

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung B

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Several 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution using 3,6-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine as electrophiles. All new compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis (C,H,N). For analysis of the thermostability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used. Especially, the symmetrically bis-3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazolyl-substituted derivative shows a very high thermal stability up to 370 • C. Therefore its energetic properties were determined and compared with thoses of hexanitrostilbene (HNS). The crystal structures of 3,6-bishydrazino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 3-amino-6-(3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine dihydrate have been determined by low-temperature X-ray diffraction.

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“…Starting from (2), if for V, the molar volume of the vapour, we were to substitute RT/P, we obtain S" = R On the right-hand side of this equation, the first term is a constant at the boiling point, since the pressure is then one atmosphere. If v is also constant, then the expression is of the same form as (1). In fact, the THE rule results if v for all substances has a constant value of 1.5 cm 3 mol -1 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…In 1884, Trouton [1] drew attention to the fact that, for a wide range of liquids, the ratio of the molar enthalpy of vaporisation AH b to the boiling point T b on the Kelvin scale is approximately constant. With the calorie serving as the unit of energy, the relevant number was 21 to 22calK -1 mol -1 ; now, that the joule is the recommended international unit, it is appropriate to say ca 90JK -1 mol -1 , but allowing rather greater numerical latitude.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%