Abstract:The mutual solubility and related liquid-liquid equilibria of C7 hydrocarbons with water and heavy water are exhaustively and critically reviewed. Reports of experimental determination of solubility in 23 chemically distinct binary systems that appeared in the primary literature prior to end of 2002 are compiled. For 9 systems sufficient data are available to allow critical evaluation. All data are expressed as mass percent and mole fraction as well as the originally reported units. In addition to the standard… Show more
“…For the two-component sample (point 25) combined standard uncertainty for mass fractions of H 2 O and TOL are 0.0002. b Literature data on solubility of water in toluene [10] . Fig.…”
Section: Data Descriptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… b viscosity of pure water [11] and toluene [12] . c literature data on solubility of toluene in water and water in toluene [10] . Fig.…”
“…For the two-component sample (point 25) combined standard uncertainty for mass fractions of H 2 O and TOL are 0.0002. b Literature data on solubility of water in toluene [10] . Fig.…”
Section: Data Descriptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… b viscosity of pure water [11] and toluene [12] . c literature data on solubility of toluene in water and water in toluene [10] . Fig.…”
“…Concentrations of TBA and CHX in the equilibrated samples were determined by gas chromatography as described earlier . Solubilities of oils in water and water in oils were calculated through reference equations recommended in the literature. − The precise location of the separation boundary in the water-rich region is complicated by the phenomenon of mesoscale solubilization, the formation of mesoscopic oil droplets protected from aggregation by the layer enriched with TBA molecules . This feature is illustrated by Figure S8 in the Supporting Information.…”
Nonionic hydrotropes
(low-molecular-weight amphiphiles) demonstrate
striking dual actions in bulk solutions and interfaces, exhibiting
both surfactant-like and co-solvent properties. We report on peculiar,
strongly affected by this duality, liquid–liquid and air–liquid–liquid
interfacial behavior in aqueous ternary systems, containing hydrotropes
and hydrocarbons, in a broad range of compositions and at various
temperatures. Phase diagrams of the studied systems, containing tertiary
butanol (TBA), as a hydrotrope, are of Type 1: the hydrotrope, at
the experimental conditions, is completely miscible with water and
with all investigated hydrocarbons [cyclohexane (CHX), toluene (TOL),
and n-decane (DEC)], whereas the ternary mixtures
exhibit liquid–liquid phase separation terminated at corresponding
critical points. The shape and location of the phase separation boundary
are only weakly dependent on temperature and the hydrocarbon’s
nature; however, the critical point in the water–TBA–DEC
system is significantly shifted toward a higher TBA concentration.
For the experimentally studied systems and for available data reported
in the literature, we confirmed an apparently generic (for nonionic
hydrotropes) phenomenon of a dual action at water–oil interfaces
(earlier found in water–TBA–CHX [J. Phys. Chem.
C
2017, 121, 16423]): at low
concentrations, hydrotropes saturate the water–oil interface
like a surfactant, whereas at higher concentrations they act as co-solvents,
resulting in vanishing interfacial tension at the liquid–liquid
critical point. We suggest a universal crossover function that accurately
interpolates the two theoretically based limits of interfacial behavior.
This crossover function also accounts for earlier deviations from
Langmuir–von Szyszkowski limiting behavior in the water–TBA–DEC
system, caused by lower solubility (relative to other studied hydrocarbons)
of DEC in water. An intriguing correlation between the dual action
of hydrotropes at the water–oil interface and the behavior
of the liquid–air interfaces is also discussed.
“…17 The range of toluene solubilities in water for the toluene−water system is between 106 and 132.2 PPMmole at temperatures between 278.2 and 323.2 K (28 data points). 19 For the cyclohexane−water system, the range of cyclohexane solubilities in water is 12.3−12.5 PPMmole at the temperature 298.2 K (2 data points). 18 It is noteworthy to mention that in order to safeguard human health against the deleterious effects of toluene ingestion, the threshold for toluene concentration in ambient water has been set at 14.3 mg L −1 (2.80 PPMmole).…”
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