“…1 ). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree consisting of 22 strains determined in this study and 15 strains from our previous studies 25 – 27 , revealed that the strains isolated in the different regions in Indonesia before the commercial tempeh starters have been widely used in Indonesia belonged to three species: R. arrhizus (five strains), R. delemar (14 strains), and R. microsporus (three strains). All the strains isolated from Java in the 1960s–1970s belonged to R. arrhizus and R. delemar.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 65%
“…The other strains isolated outside Java in 1996–2003 (Aceh, Balikpapan, Manado, Mataram, Palangkaraya, and Wamena) belonged to R. arrhizus, R. delemar, and R. microsporus . Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of 37 Rhizopus strains from tempeh based on ITS rRNA gene sequence data: 22 strains determined in this study (indicated in bold face) and 15 strains from our previous works 25 – 27 . Asterisks (*) indicated Rhizopus strains from tempeh isolated in Java in 1960s–1980s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Phylogenetic tree of 37 Rhizopus strains from tempeh based on ITS rRNA gene sequence data: 22 strains determined in this study (indicated in bold face) and 15 strains from our previous works 25 – 27 . Asterisks (*) indicated Rhizopus strains from tempeh isolated in Java in 1960s–1980s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The extraction of fungal genomic DNA was performed using the PrepMan™ Ultra Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) as described previously 25 – 27 . The ITS regions in the fungal rRNA gene were amplified using ITS universal fungal primers, namely ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) 28 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At present, only 127 Rhizopus strains available from those isolated from tempeh produced using traditional starters (1960s–2000s) that are preserved in UICC. The molecular identification of these strains was not performed until 2017, when we sequenced 15 strains of Rhizopus from UICC based on the ITS regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene 25 – 27 . The present study aimed to sequence another 22 strains the Rhizopus strains from UICC based on the ITS regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, to provide the accurate taxonomic identity of Rhizopus strains that were isolated from tempeh produced using traditional tempeh starters (1960s–2000s).…”
At present, only a single Rhizopus species, R. microsporus, can be found in fresh tempeh produced in Java, Indonesia. The loss of diversity of Rhizopus in tempeh has been associated with the widespread use of commercial tempeh starter in Indonesia since the 2000s. However, the identities of the previous Rhizopus strains associated with tempeh, which have been preserved in a culture collection in Indonesia, have not been verified. The present study aimed to verify the identities of 22 Rhizopus strains isolated from tempeh produced using the traditional tempeh starters from the 1960s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS regions in the rRNA gene sequence data, revealed that the Rhizopus strains belonged to the species R. arrhizus (five strains); R. delemar (14 strains); and R. microsporus (three strains). Verification of the identities of these Rhizopus strains in the present study confirmed the loss of diversity of Rhizopus species in tempeh produced in Indonesia, particularly in Java. Our findings confirmed that the morphological changes in Rhizopus species isolated from tempeh as a result of centuries of domestication.
“…1 ). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree consisting of 22 strains determined in this study and 15 strains from our previous studies 25 – 27 , revealed that the strains isolated in the different regions in Indonesia before the commercial tempeh starters have been widely used in Indonesia belonged to three species: R. arrhizus (five strains), R. delemar (14 strains), and R. microsporus (three strains). All the strains isolated from Java in the 1960s–1970s belonged to R. arrhizus and R. delemar.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 65%
“…The other strains isolated outside Java in 1996–2003 (Aceh, Balikpapan, Manado, Mataram, Palangkaraya, and Wamena) belonged to R. arrhizus, R. delemar, and R. microsporus . Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of 37 Rhizopus strains from tempeh based on ITS rRNA gene sequence data: 22 strains determined in this study (indicated in bold face) and 15 strains from our previous works 25 – 27 . Asterisks (*) indicated Rhizopus strains from tempeh isolated in Java in 1960s–1980s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Phylogenetic tree of 37 Rhizopus strains from tempeh based on ITS rRNA gene sequence data: 22 strains determined in this study (indicated in bold face) and 15 strains from our previous works 25 – 27 . Asterisks (*) indicated Rhizopus strains from tempeh isolated in Java in 1960s–1980s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The extraction of fungal genomic DNA was performed using the PrepMan™ Ultra Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) as described previously 25 – 27 . The ITS regions in the fungal rRNA gene were amplified using ITS universal fungal primers, namely ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) 28 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At present, only 127 Rhizopus strains available from those isolated from tempeh produced using traditional starters (1960s–2000s) that are preserved in UICC. The molecular identification of these strains was not performed until 2017, when we sequenced 15 strains of Rhizopus from UICC based on the ITS regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene 25 – 27 . The present study aimed to sequence another 22 strains the Rhizopus strains from UICC based on the ITS regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, to provide the accurate taxonomic identity of Rhizopus strains that were isolated from tempeh produced using traditional tempeh starters (1960s–2000s).…”
At present, only a single Rhizopus species, R. microsporus, can be found in fresh tempeh produced in Java, Indonesia. The loss of diversity of Rhizopus in tempeh has been associated with the widespread use of commercial tempeh starter in Indonesia since the 2000s. However, the identities of the previous Rhizopus strains associated with tempeh, which have been preserved in a culture collection in Indonesia, have not been verified. The present study aimed to verify the identities of 22 Rhizopus strains isolated from tempeh produced using the traditional tempeh starters from the 1960s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS regions in the rRNA gene sequence data, revealed that the Rhizopus strains belonged to the species R. arrhizus (five strains); R. delemar (14 strains); and R. microsporus (three strains). Verification of the identities of these Rhizopus strains in the present study confirmed the loss of diversity of Rhizopus species in tempeh produced in Indonesia, particularly in Java. Our findings confirmed that the morphological changes in Rhizopus species isolated from tempeh as a result of centuries of domestication.
AbstractΒ-glucans are polysaccharide macromolecules that can be found in the cell walls of molds, such as Rhizopus oryzae. They provide functional properties in food systems and have immunomodulatory activity, anticancer, and prebiotic effects; reduce triglycerides and cholesterol; and prevent obesity, among others benefits. Furthermore, potato starch production requires a large amount of water, which is usually discharged into the environment, creating problems in soils and bodies of water. The physical parameters to produce β-glucans were determined, liquid waste from potato starch processing was used and native Rhizopus oryzae was isolated and identified from cereal grains. The isolates grew quickly on the three types of agars used at 25 °C and 37 °C, and they did not grow at 45 °C. Rhizopus oryzae M10A1 produced the greatest amount of β-glucans after six days of culture at 30 °C, pH 6, a stirring rate of 150 rpm and a fermentation volume of 250 mL. By establishing the physical fermentation parameters and utilizing the liquid waste from potato starch, Rhizopus oryzae M10A1 yielded 397.50 mg/100 g of β-glucan was obtained.
Tempeh is a fermented food made of mainly soybeans and is a nutritious, affordable, and sustainable functional source of protein. Globally, tempeh is a widely accepted fermented product. Although there is a growing body of literature on tempeh, most research has focused on unfermented soybeans, thus the impact of tempeh fermentation on biological properties of soybeans has been largely left scattered. The objective of this review is to summarize the literature of tempeh fermentation over the past 60 years. A search of articles on tempeh published from 1960 to 2020 was performed using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCOhost FSTA database, and Google Scholar. References from identified articles were reviewed for additional sources. In total, 321 papers were selected for this review, of which 64 papers were related to the health benefits of tempeh. This review concluded that sufficient evidence exists in the literature supporting tempeh fermentation as a low‐cost, health‐promoting, and sustainable food processing technology to produce protein‐rich foods using various beans, legumes, and grains. This comprehensive review suggests further studies are needed on tempeh fermentation and its impact on human health; research and standardization of nonsoy tempeh; assessment of food safety‐improving modification in tempeh production system; and initiatives supporting the sourcing of local ingredients in tempeh production.
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