ITER reference accidents

Bartels, H. W.; Poucet, A.; Cambi, G.; Gordon, C.; Gaeta, Michael J.; Gulden, W.; Honda, Takeshi; Iseli, Markus; Jahn, H.; Koonce, J.; Kveton, O.K.; Merrill, B.J.; Mitchell, N.; Moore, Richard L.; Petti, David A.; Polkinghorne, S.T.; Porfiri, M.T.; Raeder, J.; Saji, G.; Stubbe, E.J.; Piet, Steven J.; Topilski, L.; Uckan, N. A.; VanHove, W.

doi:10.1016/s0920-3796(97)00148-8

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It has been long realised that dust remobilization is a major safety issue for ITER and future fusion devices, owing to the possibility of radioactive or toxic dust release upon loss of vacuum accidents (LOVAs) [1][2][3]. In such scenarios, air ingress in the vacuum vessel creates an outward flow after pressure equilibration which leads to hydrodynamic forces that can potentially mobilize dust grains [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remobilization concerns the in-vessel release of dust residing away from its production site, whereas the general term mobilization also includes the release of dust upon creation (cracking, melt layer splashing, delamination, arcing). It has been long realised that dust remobilization is a major safety issue for ITER and future fusion devices, owing to the possibility of radioactive or toxic dust release upon loss of vacuum accidents (LOVAs) [1][2][3]. In such scenarios, air ingress in the vacuum vessel creates an outward flow after pressure equilibration which leads to hydrodynamic forces that can potentially mobilize dust grains [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dust remobilization in fusion plasmas under steady state conditions

Tolias

Ratynskaia

Angeli

et al. 2016

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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The first combined experimental and theoretical studies of dust remobilization by plasma forces are reported. The main theoretical aspects of remobilization in fusion devices under steady state conditions are analyzed. In particular, the dominant role of adhesive forces is highlighted and generic remobilization conditions -direct lift-up, sliding, rolling -are formulated. A novel experimental technique is proposed, based on controlled adhesion of dust grains on tungsten samples combined with detailed mapping of the dust deposition profile prior and post plasma exposure. Proof-ofprinciple experiments in the TEXTOR tokamak and the EXTRAP-T2R reversed-field pinch are presented. The versatile environment of the linear device Pilot-PSI allowed for experiments with different magnetic field topologies and varying plasma conditions that were complemented with camera observations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dust remobilization in fusion plasmas under steady state conditions

Tolias

Ratynskaia

Angeli

et al. 2016

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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“…= 2 (mass median diameter of 2 m) [2,4]. In case of accidental air or steam ingress into VV, up to 100% of the accumulated dust can be mobilized [4,5] forming dust clouds. Their explosion could generate the pressure loads dangerous for the tokamak elements integrity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dust explosion hazard in ITER: Explosion indices of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures

Denkevits

Dorofeev

2005

Fusion Engineering and Design

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“…An example of this is taken from the early ITER engineering design, where emergency power would drive 'pony motors' that would turn the main first wall pumps to produce a decay heat removal flow rate of 10% of the design flow rate. A refinement of that design idea was to use small, separate pumps designed for 10% of primary flow (Bartels, 1998). An alternative would be to increase the robustness of a vacuum vessel cooling system behind the substrate wall.…”

Section: Rami Advantages and Disadvantages Of Liquid Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Reliability Issues for Solid and Liquid Wall Fusion Design

Cadwallader¹

2001

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This report is an initial effort to identify issues affecting reliability and availability of solid and liquid wall designs for magnetic fusion power plant designs. A qualitative approach has been used to identify the possible failure modes of major system components and their effects on the systems. A general set of design attributes known to affect the service reliability has been examined for the overview solid and liquid wall designs, and some specific features of good first wall design have been discussed and applied to these designs as well. The two generalized designs compare well in regard to these design attributes. The strengths and weaknesses of each design approach are seen in the comparison of specific features.iv SUMMARY Some members of the magnetic fusion community have suggested that conventional solid wall armor for magnetic fusion is not reliable enough to make the overall fusion plant economically attractive, and they have suggested design alternatives such as liquid self-renewing walls. Other members of the magnetic fusion community believe that strides have been made in solid walls and are dubious of the technical feasibility of liquid walls. Such feasibility issues may not be overcome even if the overall availability of liquid wall systems were greater than that of conventional solid walls. A quantitative analysis of the availability of these two approaches cannot be performed because there is inadequate design detail at the present time. A preliminary qualitative examination of the reliability issues associated with solid and liquid walls can be useful to help understand the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and to highlight areas for further study.This report presents a preliminary examination of qualitative reliability issues of solid wall and liquid wall fusion designs. A comparative failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) approach was used to identify the different reliability issues for the two design concepts. Very generalized designs were used for the evaluation. Using the results of the FMEA method, the following eight issues of importance were identified: coolant pump reliability, vacuum quality, liquid wall nozzle reliability, maintenance downtime issues, responses to loss of vacuum accidents (that is, vacuum component failures), responses to loss of coolant accidents (that is, piping failures), helium pumping ability for vacuum cleanliness, and natural circulation of reactor coolant.

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ITER reference accidents

Cited by 24 publications

References 5 publications

Dust remobilization in fusion plasmas under steady state conditions

Dust remobilization in fusion plasmas under steady state conditions

Dust explosion hazard in ITER: Explosion indices of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures

Qualitative Reliability Issues for Solid and Liquid Wall Fusion Design

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