Item-method directed forgetting and working memory capacity: A hierarchical multinomial modeling approach

Marevic, Ivan; Arnold, Nina R.; Rummel, Jan

doi:10.1080/17470218.2017.1310270

Cited by 19 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Popov et al (2018) did not find support for that explanation in a dual task study designed to test that explanation. Participants tried to learn paired-associates in one of four conditions -a control single-task condition, equivalent to Marevic et al (2017), a rehearsal suppression dual task condition, a divided attention dual task condition and a combined rehearsal suppression plus divided attention dual task condition. All of the effects described above were replicated regardless of whether attention was divided or rehearsal was suppressed.…”

Section: Popov Et Al (2018) -Could the Directed Forgetting Results Bementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This occurred when the preceding item was a high rather than a low frequency word or word pair Ward et al, 2003;Cox et al, 2018;PEERS -Healey & Kahana, 2016), was a pseudo-word that was experienced more frequently in training prior to the study list (Reder et al, 2002), was a word or word pair that was repeated on multiple trials (Buchler et al, 2008) or lists (Aue et al, 2017), or was a word pair that was supposed to be forgotten, rather than remembered (Marevic et al, 2017;Popov et al, 2018). This effect was a parametric function of word frequency (Cox et al, 2018;PEERS -Healey & Kahana, 2016), it accumulated when more of the previous items during study were weaker Buchler et al, 2008;Reder et al, 2002;Marevic et al, 2017;Popov et al, 2018), it decreased when the lag between the current and the prior item increased (Cox et al, 2018;Buchler et al, 2008;Marevic et al, 2017;PEERS -Healey & Kahana, 2016;Popov et al, 2018), and it was bigger when the current item was weaker itself (Buchler et al, 2008;Ward et al, 2003). Importantly, these results cannot be due to other mechanisms such as rehearsal or attentional borrowing (Popov et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most straightforward variable to analyze is word frequency, but the effects are likely to occur with any variable that affects how many resources are depleted in processing the preceding study items. Of the nine studies, five studies used word frequency as a factor (Healey & Kahana, 2016;Cox et al, 2018;Reder et al, 2002;Ward et al, 2003), two studies manipulated how many times a studied item had already been presented (Buchler et al, 2008;Aue et al, 2017) and two directed-forgetting studies that manipulated whether each item should be remembered or forgotten (Marevic et al, 2017;Popov et al, 2018).…”

Section: Analyses Of Preceding Item Strength: Novel Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test this idea, we re-analyzed the results from a Directed Forgetting (DF) study (Marevic, Arnold, & Rummel, 2017). In the itembased version of the DF paradigm (for reviews, see Benjamin, 2006;Bjork, 1972;Epstein et al, 1972;MacLeod, 1998), participants view a sequence of items and they are tested only on items followed by a "remember" cue during study (TBR items) and that they should forget the items followed by a "forget" cue (TBF items).…”

Section: Marevic Et Al (2017) -Better Memory After Instructions To Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We tested this prediction with a reanalysis of a recent published study on item-based DF (Marevic, Arnold, & Rummel, 2017) and a follow up dual-task study (Popov, Marevic, Rummel & Reder, 2018). The full analysis and results are described in Popov et al (2018), but we will briefly summarize those results.…”

Section: Marevic Et Al (2017) -Better Memory After Instructions To Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Popov¹,

Reder²

2018

Preprint

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We present a review of frequency effects in memory, accompanied by a theory of memory, according to which the storage of new information in long-term memory (LTM) depletes a limited pool of working memory (WM) resources as an inverse function of item strength. We support the theory by showing that items with stronger representations in LTM (e.g. high frequency items) are easier to store, bind to context, and bind to one another; that WM resources are involved in storage and retrieval from LTM; that WM capacity is greater for stronger, more familiar stimuli. We present a novel analysis of preceding item strength, in which we show from eight existing studies that memory for an item is higher if during study it was preceded by a stronger item (e.g. a high frequency word; HF). This effect is cumulative (the more prior items are HF, the better), continuous (memory proportional to word frequency of preceding item), interacts with current item strength (larger for weaker items) and interacts with lag (decreases as the lag between the current and prior study item increases). A computational model that implements the theory is presented, which accounts for these effects. We discuss related phenomena that the model/theory can explain.

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Section: Popov Et Al (2018) -Could the Directed Forgetting Results Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analyses Of Preceding Item Strength: Novel Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Marevic Et Al (2017) -Better Memory After Instructions To Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Marevic Et Al (2017) -Better Memory After Instructions To Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Popov¹,

Reder²

2018

Preprint

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The influence of decision time on sensitivity for consequences, moral norms, and preferences for inaction: Time, moral judgments, and the CNI model

Kroneisen

Steghaus

2020

Behavioral Decision Making

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It is often discussed that moral judgments are either consistent with the principle of utilitarianism or with the principle of deontology. Utilitarianism is a moral principle stating that the right act is the one that produces the best overall outcome. Deontology represents an ethical position indicating that the morality of an action depends on the intrinsic nature of the action regardless of the consequences. Criticism on the structure of moral dilemmas includes the problem that these dilemmas confound norms and consequences. Recently, a multinomial model (the CNI model) was developed to disentangle and measure sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action (I), respectively. In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of time pressure on moral judgments using the CNI model. We found that time pressure influenced moral dilemma judgments by decreasing participants' sensitivity for consequences. There were no significant effects of time pressure on participants' sensitivity to norms and general preference for inaction. Furthermore, in Experiment 2, we examined the link of reaction times to moral judgments more closely by fitting a hierarchical Bayesian version of the CNI model. Longer reaction times lead to an increase in parameter N, and there was no influence of reaction times on parameter C or I.

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Retrieval-mediated directed forgetting in the item-method paradigm: the effect of semantic cues

Marevic

Rummel

2018

Psychological Research

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Item-method directed forgetting is widely considered a storage phenomenon. However, by applying a multinomial model, which separates storage and retrieval effect components, Rummel et al. (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 42(10):1526-1543, 2016) recently provided evidence that item-method directed forgetting effects are reflected by both storage and retrieval changes. The current investigation demonstrates that supposedly intentionally forgotten information can still be retrieved to some extent when semantic cuing facilitates retrieval of this information. Participants studied word pairs, with some pairs being followed by a "forget" and others by a "remember" instruction. A subset of items shared the same superordinate semantic category. In Experiment 1, a sub-portion of to-be-forgotten items was semantically related and less forgetting occurred selectively for these items when the category was reinstated during test. This finding was replicated and extended to reinstatement effects for to-be-remembered items in Experiment 2. The application of the storage-retrieval model confirmed that providing a category cue facilitates retrieval of to-be-forgotten as well as to-be-remembered information. The results are discussed in light of existing theories of directed forgetting.

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Item-method directed forgetting and working memory capacity: A hierarchical multinomial modeling approach

Cited by 19 publications

References 70 publications

Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

The influence of decision time on sensitivity for consequences, moral norms, and preferences for inaction: Time, moral judgments, and the CNI model

Retrieval-mediated directed forgetting in the item-method paradigm: the effect of semantic cues

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