Italy's fertility rate falls as women reject childbearing

Evans, Lucinda

doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7030.530

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A decline in the fertility rate has been observed worldwide along with modernization, as a result of delayed marriage, increased employment, higher education levels, and so on (7)(8)(9)(10). In China, despite the relaxation of the one-child policy in 2013 and the implementation of the two-child policy in 2016, the annual birth number has not exhibited an obvious growth (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility Intention Among Chinese Reproductive Couples During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study

Chu

Zhu

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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A decline in the fertility rate has been observed worldwide, which hampers social development severely. Given the impacts of COVID-19 on individuals and society, it is of great significance to investigate the fertility intention of reproductive couples under COVID-19. The convenience sampling method was used to obtain our study sample. The self-administered questionnaire included the following components: sociodemographic characteristics (age, residence, education, occupation, characteristics of the couples, and annual household income), reproductive history (parity, number of children, child gender, and duration of preparing pregnancy), and attitudes toward COVID-19, was distributed online via an applet of WeChat. The results showed that among 4,133 valid questionnaires, 1,091 had fertility intention before COVID-19, whereas 3,042 did not, indicating a fertility intention rate of 26.4% among participating couples. Of the 1,091 couples who had fertility intention before COVID-19, 520 (47.7%) were affected by the outbreak, whereas 571 (52.3%) were not. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, we further found that couples living in Hubei Province, the epicenter in China (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.35–3.60), and couples who prepared for pregnancy longer before COVID-19 (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06–1.33) were more likely to change their fertility intention under the pandemic. In addition, most of the participants reported their fertility intention was affected by the inconvenience of seeking medical service under COVID-19. Therefore, more forms of medical services to provide convenience for patients might be effective ways to reverse the declined fertility intention rate in facing COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility Intention Among Chinese Reproductive Couples During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study

Chu

Zhu

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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show abstract

“…Modernization and rapid rural-urban migration have been accompanied by reducing fertility intentions in many countries [21, 22]. In contrast to other low-fertility countries, the one-child policy led to a large fall in the total fertility in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility intentions and influential factors in Dalian urban city ---A cross-sectional study based on Universal Two-child policy in China

Qiu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Chinese government announced that one-child policy had finally 29 been replaced by a universal two-child policy. However, the effects of new policy 30 may be far less than expected. So we conducted this research to explore potential 31 influential factors of fertility intention. 32 Methods 33This cross-sectional study was conducted and a self-administered questionnaire was 34 designed for collecting socio-demographic information, future fertility intention and 35 influential factors of individual reproductive behavior. The analyses were performed 36 using the SPSS 19.0 statistical software package. 37 Results 38A total of 1370 respondents were interviewed. Our research indicated that the mean 39 ideal number of children was only 1.73 and urban respondents' sex preference was 40 symmetrical preference. 79.1% (884) married people had the first child already, only 41 7.6% (71) respondents had two children. Among 1370 participants, 30.4% 42 respondents stated that they would have a second child; while 69.6% respondents 43 refused to have two children in future (just wanted only a child). Binary logistic 44 regression analysis (model 1) showed that female, older age, lower education lever, 45 birth place was Dalian, lower family income, the ideal number of children were 46 associated with having 1 child in the future. Model 2 (only respondents with 47 childbearing experience) showed that female, lower family income, couldn't get 48 additional financial support from parents were more likely refused to have two 49 children; in additional, the ideal number of children and childbearing experience were 50 significantly influences on future fertility intention. 51 Conclusion 52 Fertility intention and reproductive behavior still below replacement in Dalian city. 53 Our results suggest that several factors (including socioeconomic characteristics, 54 economic factors, desired number of child, childbearing experience) have distinctive 3 / 17 55 effects on fertility intention.56

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Fertility intentions among the working population of Dalian City born between 1980 and 1989

Qiu

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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In October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that the one-child policy had finally been replaced by a universal two-child policy. China’s universal two-child policy is highly significant because, for the first time in 36 years, no one in an urban city is restricted to having just one child. This cross-sectional study was conducted to explore future fertility intentions and factors influencing individual reproductive behaviour (whether to have two children) in Dalian City. A total of 1370 respondents were interviewed. The respondents’ mean ideal number of children was only 1.73, and urban respondents’ sex preference was symmetrical. A total of 19.0% of the respondents were unmarried, 64.5% were married and had childbearing experience and only 6.3% of married respondents had two children. Among the 1370 participants, 30.4% stated that they would have a second child, while 69.6% refused to have a second child in the future. Binary logistic regression analysis (Model 1) showed that the following characteristics were associated with having only one child in the future: being female, being older, having a lower education level, being born in Dalian, having a lower family income and reporting one child as the ideal number of children. Model 2 (comprising only respondents with childbearing experience) showed that respondents who were female, had a lower family income and were unable to obtain additional financial support from parents were more likely to intend to stick at one child. In addition, respondents’ ideal number of children and childbearing experiences had a significant influence on future fertility intentions. These results suggest that fertility intentions and reproductive behaviours are still below those needed for replacement level fertility in Dalian City. China’s policymakers should pay more attention to these factors (socioeconomic characteristics, economic factors, desired number of children and childbearing experiences) and try to increase individual reproductive behaviour.

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Italy's fertility rate falls as women reject childbearing

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Fertility Intention Among Chinese Reproductive Couples During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study

Fertility Intention Among Chinese Reproductive Couples During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study

Fertility intentions and influential factors in Dalian urban city ---A cross-sectional study based on Universal Two-child policy in China

Fertility intentions among the working population of Dalian City born between 1980 and 1989

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