It was a Pleasure Meeting You

Building Long-Term Human–Robot Relationships: Examining Disclosure, Perception and Well-Being Across Time

“…Due to the constrained and highly choreographed nature of many HRI studies, deep insights into people's responses and interactions with robots in natural settings remain relatively rare. Of the field studies that have conducted HRI research in these spaces, important insights are emerging from both single interaction [e.g., 30,31] and repeated interaction [e.g., [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] studies, with much of this work taking place in public spaces or tied to specific settings like education [e.g., 36,[39][40][41][42][43], care [e.g., 37,38,[44][45][46][47], or rehabilitation [e.g., 32,35,[48][49][50][51]. Longitudinal studies that address similar questions with disembodied agents such as virtual assistants and chatbots [e.g., [52][53][54] benefit from access to users' personal devices, whereas research with physically embodied artificial agents (i.e., social robots) remains far rarer due to challenges with logistical and cost barriers to situating these devices in users' domestic settings (i.e., in their home environment) to explore single or repeated interactions.…”

Communicative Robot Signals: Presenting a New Typology for Human-Robot Interaction

“…Moreover, the typology also covers and directly addresses nonobvious (implicit) signals and overloaded signals carrying multiple messages. We would further like to emphasise that we do not see communicative signals in isolation but rather embedded in an interaction [20], potentially involving multiple parties, and complex turn-taking behaviours and feedback channels, as described by DeVito [6]. However, to individually characterise communicative signals, we focus on a specific view considering a single robot as the sender and a single human as the receiver.…”

“…Robot signals with a primarily social function are often designed to reveal some piece of information about the robot's inner state to its human users [7,10,11,20]. We argue that assessing the motivational reference of a signal, similar to ethological approaches [22], helps roboticists to determine whether the signal appropriately reveals or perhaps fails to reveal any of the robot's inner states.…”

“…4.2.5 Clarity. Implicit signals are frequently applied to support interactive robots subtly transporting meaning, for example, to request help from a human in a collaborative scenario [3] or by using social proximity to support interaction opening [20]. Implicit signals account for the majority of communication in some situations, such as crossing intersections in traffic [29,59], which stresses the need to identify and characterise them when considering autonomous vehicles as well as HRI.…”