It takes a neural village: Circuit-based approaches for estrogenic regulation of episodic memory

Abstract

Cognitive behaviors, such as episodic memory formation, are complex processes involving coordinated activity in multiple brain regions. However, much of the research on hormonal regulation of cognition focuses on manipulation of one region at a time or provides a single snapshot of how a systemic treatment affects multiple brain regions without investigating how these regions might interact to mediate hormone effects. Here, we use estrogenic regulation of episodic memory as an example of how circuit-based approaches may be incorporated into future studies of hormones and cognition. We first review basic episodic memory circuitry, rapid mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol can alter circuit activity, and current knowledge about 17βestradiol's effects on episodic memory. Next, we outline approaches that researchers can employ to consider circuit effects in their estrogen research and provide examples of how these methods have been used to examine hormonal regulation of memory and other behaviors.

Mind the Gap: Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in astrocytes is a therapeutic target to prevent cognitive problems at menopause.

“…Loss of endogenous ovarian hormones in gonadectomized female mice also induced dorsal hippocampal atrophy at midlife, but not at young ages, revealing a hormone by age interaction. Even though previous research clearly demonstrated bene cial effects of estrogens on cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic pathology 45 , which cell and receptor within hippocampus is essential for in vivo neuroprotection during midlife in otherwise healthy female mice has remained unclear. Here, we used gonadally intact female mice with selective deletion of ERβ in either astrocytes or neurons to determine if ERβ in either of these cells is essential for neuroprotection at midlife.…”

The Effects of Estrogens on Neural Circuits That Control Temperature

“…Several estrogen-sensitive regions have been revealed as candidates for mediating the effects of estrogens on body temperature, but evidence suggests that these areas work synergistically, antagonistically, and/or in parallel to modulate whole-body thermoregulation. Whereas estrogens affect body temperature by modulating both heat production and dissipation, many of these effects are mediated specifically or simultaneously via different estrogen-sensitive regions ( 13 ). We recommend a systems-level, circuit-based approach to dissect the distinct thermal effectors modulated by estrogens.…”

“…Endogenous estrogens are widely circulated and can act at multiple estrogen-sensitive regions and tissues simultaneously. Systemic manipulations of estrogen levels may overlook the interactions between brain regions or tissues and the synergistic or compensatory actions of estrogens ( 13 ). Therefore, dissecting the effects of estrogens on individual cell populations or circuit connections will be necessary for a better understanding of the effects of estrogens on thermoregulation.…”

Evaluasi Peraturan Dusun Nomor 03 Tahun 2020 Tentang Larangan Membuka Aurat/Wajib Berhijab (Studi Kasus: Dusun Baru Pusat Jalo Kecamatan Muko Muko Bathin VII Kabupaten Bungo)

“…Implementasi merupakan suatu proses penerapan ide, konsep, kebijakan atau inovasi dalam suatu tindakan praktis sehingga memberikan dampak, baik berupa perubahan pengetahuan, keterampilan maupun nilai dan sikap. (Schwabe, 2020) Aturan adalah perangkat penting dalam segala tindakan dan perbuatan orang. Makin maju dan majemuk suatu masyarakat makin besar peranan aturan dan dapat dikatakan orang tidak dapat hidup dengan layak dan tenang tanpa aturan.…”