“…Child welfare cases with IPV are more likely to result in both maltreatment substantiation and removals from the home (English, Edleson, & Herrick, 2005; Kohl, Edleson, English, & Barth, 2005), but these families are offered fewer services (Beeman, Hagemeister, & Edleson, 2001). As a result, mothers who experience IPV feel disempowered by the child welfare system (DeVoe & Smith, 2003; Fusco, 2013), and this may be compounded when the mother uses drugs.…”