It’s a hard knock life the survival strategies of Dutch Mulas in Peruvian prisons

Sikkens, Elga; San, Marion van

doi:10.1007/s10611-015-9560-z

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Most of inmates are from poor communities and vulnerable social groups [8]. Inmates experienced a lot of difficulties in their lives such as violent relationships, addiction, and mental health problems like depression and burnout [9]. Furthermore, while incarcerated, many inmates lose their home and employment placements, financial problems, and lose contact with their family [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Spatial Distribution Model using GIS to Identify Social Support Index Among Drug-Abuse Inmates

Mohamad¹,

Kamarudin²,

Juahir³

et al. 2018

IJET

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This study was to identify the spatial distribution of Social Support Index (SSI) among drug-abuse inmates throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Factor Analysis (FA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were applied to analyses the level of social support (SS) among drug-abuse inmates and develop the spatial model using Geographic Information System (GIS). Five significant index categories were generated from FA: excellent, good, moderate, low and poor Quality of Life Index (QoLi) and the nine of SS variables are expected to be derived from family, friends and other social factor. DA showed each category differed from others in terms of different compositions, stepwise backward and forward modes gave 99.75% correct classification. GIS analysis show the distribution of SSI categorized on family and friends factor were moderately for where the prisoners came. Besides that, Perlis classified as low-level index and Melaka as high-level index of other social factor. The distribution model of SSI in moderately-level showed Jelebu, Sungai Petani, Pengkalan Chepa and Simpang Renggang as the better SS factor to quality of life compared to the Penor, Pahang. The procedures of FA, DA and GIS were used in this study proved the source apportionment of SS and QoLi among drug-abuse inmates in Peninsular Malaysian prisons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Spatial Distribution Model using GIS to Identify Social Support Index Among Drug-Abuse Inmates

Mohamad¹,

Kamarudin²,

Juahir³

et al. 2018

IJET

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“…There are a number of chemical agents that may be con-sidered as valid or invalid. Those who take drugs will experience psychological encouragement and physically in terms of impact on the health of the body [10,11]. For those who do not take excessive drug intentions with the optimum dose does not meet the definition of drug addiction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Drug Addicts Rate with Environmental Components Study in Terengganu, Malaysia

Toriman¹,

Kamarudin²,

Adanan³

et al. 2018

IJET

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The evolution of drug addict"s rate is significantly increase in Malaysia and it's became a chronic problem among the society. The number of drug addiction cases in Malaysia is contributed by the number of drug addicts involving all the states including Terengganu. The aim of this study is to evaluation the rate of drug addicts according to several environmental components which affects the increment of drug addiction in Terengganu. In this study, the Descriptive Statistics Analysis using XLSTAT has been use to describe the result. The results indicate there are five factors that involve with drug influence including peer influence, curiosity, depression, fun and enduring pain or body defense and the major factors influencing the involvement of drug addicts into this problem is peer influence. Therefore, the stakeholder involved could put an effort to reduce the drug addicts" rate through proving an effective plan. This study suggested all parties need to know the tremendous drug problem not only in Terengganu but also in Malaysia. This is so that the problem of drug can be reduced and make Malaysia a nation free from drug debris that can endanger everyone.

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“…In contrast, there are no colonial ties between the Netherlands and Peru, but since the late 1990s Dutch women have smuggled cocaine between Peru and the Netherlands. In 2010, when we started the research on which this article is based, the majority of female, Dutch drug mules were detained in Peru (Sikkens ; Sikkens and Van San ). This is not surprising since Peru, after Colombia, is the world's largest producer of coca leaves (UN Office on Drugs and Crime ) and a huge amount of cocaine consumed in Western Europe comes from that region (UN Office on Drugs and Crime ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Families, Lovers, and Friends: Women, Social Networks, and Transnational Cocaine Smuggling from Curaçao and Peru

San

Sikkens

2017

Howard J Crime Justice

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Research on the role of women in organised crime used to be relatively scarce, but since the end of the 1990s more and more research has been conducted on this particular topic. Through this research it has become apparent that a growing number of women plays an increasingly important role in organised drug‐smuggling operations. To understand more about the involvement of women in the drug trade, it is important to study their social networks. We studied the social ties of women who participated in two transnational drug‐trafficking networks: one between Curaçao and the Netherlands and the second between Peru and the Netherlands. What makes the comparison between the two groups interesting is that one group is connected to Curaçao (historically connected to the Netherlands) while the other group is connected to Peru (with no historical connections). Women who smuggle drugs between the Netherlands and Curaçao have transnational familial networks through which criminal capital is transmitted and drug trafficking is facilitated. Women who smuggle between Peru and the Netherlands lack these networks but are often connected to intermediaries through lovers and acquaintances.

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It’s a hard knock life the survival strategies of Dutch Mulas in Peruvian prisons

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Development of Spatial Distribution Model using GIS to Identify Social Support Index Among Drug-Abuse Inmates

Development of Spatial Distribution Model using GIS to Identify Social Support Index Among Drug-Abuse Inmates

Evaluation of Drug Addicts Rate with Environmental Components Study in Terengganu, Malaysia

Families, Lovers, and Friends: Women, Social Networks, and Transnational Cocaine Smuggling from Curaçao and Peru

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