IT Infrastructure for Providing Energy-as-a-Service to Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Abstract-Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are set to be the defining trend in road transportation for the 21st century. Unfortunately, the process of charging a large number of PHEVs will put a prohibitive amount of stress on conventional power grids. As per current estimates, it will not be possible to satisfy the peak demand of charging millions of PHEVs with current infrastructure. Additionally, to ensure stability of the power grid, the demand needs to be closely matched with supply all the time. This is difficult to ensure in a dynamic scenario like PHEV charging, where it is not possible to predict the load in the future. This problem is further complicated by the introduction of intermittent sources of alternate energy like wind power. This paper proposes an IT infrastructure for managing energy usage of PHEVs. The paper introduces a generalized currency of energy called a token, which entitles its owner to produce or consume a certain amount of electrical energy. Furthermore, the paper propose an IT infrastructure to manage tokens produced by millions of PHEVs and power stations. Simulation results for the system that consider the behavior of millions of PHEVs using data in prior work and traces from the Australian power grid for the last five years are also presented.

Nghiên cứu các kiến trúc và giải thuật điều khiển trạm sạc xe điện và trạm sạc xe điện hai bánh trong bối cảnh Việt Nam

“…Một số giải thuật điều chỉnh tải có thể xét tới các mục tiêu kép thông qua các ràng buộc như ràng buộc quá tải của máy biến áp [22]; ràng buộc về khả năng cấp điện của lưới cho trạm sạc [23,24]; ràng buộc về điện áp tại điểm kết nối [25,26] hoặc đồng thời cả ràng buộc quá tải và ràng buộc điện áp [27]. Giải thuật trong [28] tìm cách tích hợp mức tải của máy biến áp vào tín hiệu giá.…”

“…Nghiên cứu [32] đưa ra giải thuật phi tập trung và đề xuất hạ tầng thông tin dựa trên bằng chứng (token-based IT infrastructure). Hạ tầng này cung cấp dịch vụ năng lượng qua token phát và tiêu thụ năng lượng nhằm cực đại mức sử dụng trung bình của nguồn phát trong khi đảm bảo tổng công suất thực tế tiêu thụ bởi các EV nhỏ hơn tổng lượng công suất được phân bổ cho việc sạc EV.…”

A Survey of Algorithms for Distributed Charging Control of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid

“…e) Maximize operational efficiency: Another important operational aspect from the grid operator's standpoint is balancing the electricity generation and the demand for enhanced operational efficiency. To this end, the authors in [57] present a decentralized (T2) and token based IT infrastructure, which provides energy as a service via generation and consumption of tokens of energy. It is comprised of a heuristic algorithm to maximize the average utilization of generation, while ensuring that the total amount of power consumed by EVs is less than the amount of power allocated for charging the EVs.…”

Multi-agent management system for electric vehicle charging

“…Dong and Lin assess the energy impact of public charging infrastructure due to the increasing load the share of driving on electricity that plug‐in hybrid EVs might exhibit, with several simulation scenarios being presented. Sarangi et al . propose a change of paradigm, where a generalised currency of energy, named token, entitles its owner to produce or consume a certain amount of electrical energy.…”

“…Dong and Lin [15] assess the energy impact of public charging infrastructure due to the increasing load the share of driving on electricity that plug-in hybrid EVs might exhibit, with several simulation scenarios being presented. Sarangi et al [16] propose a change of paradigm, where a generalised currency of energy, named token, entitles its owner to produce or consume a certain amount of electrical energy.It has been argued that EVs could contribute to balance the load on the grid using V2G (vehicle to grid) capabilities [17][18][19], where EV batteries are used as electricity storage that is available to supply the grid, therefore smoothing steep fluctuations in electricity generation along periods of peak consumption.A technological challenge that is currently being addressed relates to the deployment of charging infrastructures for EVs [1]. These infrastructures are an essential factor for the adoption of EVs by consumers but will increase the stress on the power grid and, therefore, need to be managed in order to comply with both charging needs and end-client satisfaction, while avoiding disruptions in the electricity distribution.The management and control of electricity distribution is a complex problem for both the utility grid and small scale distribution networks.…”