Issues of representation and limited capacity in the auditory short‐term store

Frick, Robert W.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02284.x

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Because transposition errors (the switching of serial positions) rarely cross the boundaries of a group (see Frick, 1988), one might assume that the secondary memory search set for an assessed primary memory trace is composed only of items that have occurred together in a temporal group. Thus, for a list grouped in threes, the primary memory trace for the first item in the list might be compared with a search set containing traces for just the first three list items.…”

Section: Modality-based Grouping Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A feature model of immediate memory

1990

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A feature model of immediate memory is presented, and simulations are described. List items are characterized as multiattribute vectors that can be selectively overwritten by subsequent external events and by the ongoing stream of internal activity. Degraded primary memory vectors are compared with intact secondary memory vectors, and retrieval likelihood is computed as the ratio of similarities. The model is shown to account for the major modality-based phenomena of the immediate serial recall literature, including modality-based temporal grouping effects and the negative effects of phonological similarity. 251The ability to reconstruct recently presented information as it recedes backward in time is basic to a fully functioning cognitive system. The interpretation of spoken language, among other examples, requires the preservation of temporal order information, a task that is typically assumed to be a critical function of primary, or short-term, memory. This article describes a simulation model that handles a variety of phenomena characteristic of immediate retention. The model is based on an earlier descriptive framework (Nairne, 1988); its main appeal is to the composition of list traces in primary memory and to the manner in which trace composition might change as a function of interference from externally presented events and ongoing cognitive activities. The focus of the simulation studies is on modality-based effects in immediate memory. These effects are quite large and stable empirically, and their analysis exploits the feature-based properties of the model. In a later section, I apply the proposed mechanics to a range of other benchmark data in the immediate memory literature.Of the many variables that can affect performance in a task such as immediate serial recall, where subjects are required to reproduce short lists of items in the exact order of presentation, one of the more conspicuous is presentation modality. The modality effect refers to the superior recency performance that occurs for auditory, compared with visual, presentation. Typically, serial recall of auditory and visual lists leads to declining performance over serial position, but, for the last few serial positions, there is a relative auditory advantage (Conrad & Hull, 1968;Corballis, 1966;Craik, 1969;Murdock & Walker, 1969;Murray, 1966). The stimulus suffix effect is a related phenomenon, which is observed when an extra item, usually a word presented aloud, eliminates the modality effect by reducing the recency advantage that is found for auditory lists (Dallett, 1965).The presentation of list information aloud also interacts significantly with the organization of presentation: If a nine-item list is presented with the items in groups of three, separated by short pauses, auditory presentation leads to large grouping advantages, relative to visual presentation, and, within each group, there is a recency advantage for the last serial position (Frankish, 1985(Frankish, , 1989Ryan, 1969). In addition, under auditory presentation, increa...

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Section: Modality-based Grouping Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A feature model of immediate memory

1990

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“…This is attributed to interference caused in the memory trace when trying to store and retrieve items with similar visual characteristics (e.g. Frick, 1988a;1988b;Hitch, Halliday, Schaafstal, & Schraagen, 1988; Coding strategies in picture memory span 8 Logie, Della Sala, Wynn & Baddeley, 2000). Visual coding has often been reported in samples of fiveyear-olds but not in older children (Brown, 1977;Hayes & Schulze, 1977;Hitch et al, 1988;Hitch, Woodin & Baker, 1989;Hitch et al, 1991;Longoni & Scalisi, 1994;Palmer, 2000a).…”

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Phonological, visual, and semantic coding strategies and children's short-term picture memory span

Henry

Messer

Luger-Klein

et al. 2012

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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. Phonological, visual and semantic coding strategies in short-term picture memory span: How do they develop?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(10), pp. 2033Psychology, 65(10), pp. -2053Psychology, 65(10), pp. . doi: 10.1080Psychology, 65(10), pp. /17470218.2012 This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent

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“…This modality effect is typically restricted to items at or near the end of a list: Relative to recall of earlier items, there is a large increase in recall for the most recently presented items of auditory lists, but only a small increase in recall for visual lists. Although there has been no lack of theoretical speculation about the modality effect (e.g., Frankish, 1989;Frick, 1988;Glenberg & Swanson, 1986;Nairne, 1988Nairne, , 1990Penney, 1989), Crowder's (1986) characterization of existing research remains apt: "The classical auditory-visual modality effect is large and reliable, but still poorly understood" (p. 268).…”

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In search of a strong visual recency effect

LeCompte

1992

Memory & Cognition

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When a sequence of visual stimuli is presented in a fixed location, immediate serial recall of the sequence is characterized by only a small recency effect. According to Battacchi, Pelamatti, and Umilta (1990), the distribution of visual stimuli over space, as well as time, greatly enhances the recency effect. After an initial failure to find a strong visual recency effect with distributed presentation (Experiment 1), in the remaining experiments an attempt was made to more closely approximate Battacchi et aI.'s methodology by eliminating articulatory suppression (Experiments 2-7), using their stimuli (Experiments 3-7), blocking conditions (Experiments 4-7), requiring writ. ten rather than typed responses (Experiments 5-7), and using their list length (Experiments 6 and 7). Nevertheless, even when their method was followed as closely as possible (Experiment 7), distributed presentation did not produce a strong visual recency effect. The influence of distributed presentation on the visual recency effect would seem to be, at best, limited.

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Issues of representation and limited capacity in the auditory short‐term store

Cited by 21 publications

References 59 publications

A feature model of immediate memory

A feature model of immediate memory

Phonological, visual, and semantic coding strategies and children's short-term picture memory span

In search of a strong visual recency effect

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