“…E-learning has been a standard technique of education in developed countries for many years (Koponen, Tedre and Vesisenaho, 2011;Tan, Chew and Mellor, 2016). However, developing countries continue to struggle in reaping the benefit of such techniques (Atanda and Ahlan, 2014;Ansong, Boateng and Boateng, 2017;Canedo, Santos and Leite, 2018). This situation may be due to numerous reasons, such as lack of technical infrastructure, service availability, staff readiness and experts to build and manage such infrastructure, which has been the case for e-learning in many institutions including those in Iraq (Mahmod et al, 2017).…”