Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Human Appetite (Satiety/Satiation) and Its Contribution to Obesity

Gibbons, Catherine; Hopkins, Mark; Beaulieu, Kristine; Oustric, Pauline; Blundell, John

doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00340-6

Cited by 108 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Generally, GLP-1 increases satiety rather than decreasing hunger [43]. Although it is neuropsychologically and neurobiologically difficult to separate decreased hunger from increased satiety, due to overlapping neuroanatomical areas and neuropharmacological regulations [45], in the present study, the increase in satiety appeared earlier (at T90) than the decrease in hunger (at T120 and T150). This might denote the involvement of other orexigenic peptides different from the unchanged ghrelin, which might have been inhibited by amino acids or, more plausibly, by GLP-1 [12,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Evaluation of an Amino Acid Mix on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Peptides, Glucometabolic Homeostasis, and Appetite in Obese Adolescents Administered with a Fixed-Dose or ad Libitum Meal

Rigamonti

Tamini

Cicolini

et al. 2020

JCM

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Proteins have been demonstrated to reduce food intake in animals and humans via peripheral and central mechanisms. Supplementation of a dietetic regimen with single or mixed amino acids might represent an approach to improve the effectiveness of any body weight reduction program in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an amino acid mix (L-arginine + L-leucine + L-glutamine + L-tryptophan) on the secretion of some gastrointestinal peptides (i.e., ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide type 1, GLP-1), glucometabolic homeostasis (i.e., glucose, insulin, and glucagon), and appetite (hunger/satiety scored by visual analogue scale, VAS) in obese adolescents (n = 14; 10 females and 4 males; age: 16.6 ± 1.0 years; body mass index (BMI): 36.4 ± 4.6 kg/m²; fat-free mass (FFM): 54.9 ± 4.7%; fat mass (FM): 45.1 ± 4.4%) administered with a fixed-dose (lunch) or ad libitum (dinner) meal. Isocaloric maltodextrins were used as control treatment. During the lunch test, a significant increase in circulating levels of GLP-1, but not of ghrelin, was observed in the amino acid-treated group, which was congruent with significant changes in appetite, i.e., increase in satiety and decrease in hunger. A significant hyperglycemia was found in the maltodextrin-treated group during the prelunch period, without any significant changes in insulin and glucagon between the two groups. During the dinner test, there were no significant differences in appetite (hunger/satiety) and intake of calories. In conclusion, L-arginine, L-leucine, L-glutamine, and L-tryptophan, when administered to obese adolescents with a fixed-dose meal, are capable of evoking an anorexigenic response, which is, at least in part, mediated by an increase in GLP-1 released in circulation by L cells, which are capable of chemosensing specific amino acids present in the intestinal lumen. Further additional studies are requested to understand whether higher doses are necessary to inhibit ad libitum feeding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Evaluation of an Amino Acid Mix on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Peptides, Glucometabolic Homeostasis, and Appetite in Obese Adolescents Administered with a Fixed-Dose or ad Libitum Meal

Rigamonti

Tamini

Cicolini

et al. 2020

JCM

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“…Perceived satiety is described as the period between meals (after food consumption) and the process occurring in that time period (Gibbons et al, 2019). Perceived satiety is measured through visual analogue scales (VAS), in which participants are allowed to place a mark on a 100mm horizontal line to reflect the intensity of their satiety sensation at a particular time (Gibbons et al, 2019). Our study showed that both βG and WP increased perceived satiety and suppressed the feeling of hunger compared with control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Our study showed that both βG and WP did not further increase perceived satiety and suppressed the feeling of hunger compared with control. Perceived satiety is described as the period between meals (after food consumption) and the process occurring in that time period (Gibbons et al, 2019). Perceived satiety is measured through visual analogue scales (VAS), in which participants are allowed to place a mark on a 100mm horizontal line to reflect the intensity of their satiety sensation at a particular time (Gibbons et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycaemic index, palatability and acceptability of energy drinks prepared with β-glucan and whey protein

Amiruddin¹,

Zahary²,

Raj³

et al. 2019

Food Res.

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β-Glucan (βG) and whey protein (WP) are two functional ingredients widely used to maintain desirable blood glucose and weight management. However, the effect of combining βG and WP is still not thoroughly explored. This study was aimed to determine the effects of combining βG and WP in energy drinks on glycaemic index (GI), palatability and acceptability. Ten females (22.0±0.64 years old, 20.6±0.24 kg/m²) randomly completed four trials (control drink, βG drink, WP drink and βG+WP drink) in a cross-over manner. Palatability and acceptability were measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). Capillary blood was collected at 0 min (fasting state, baseline) and 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the test drinks and assayed for glucose. There were no significant differences in palatability and acceptability of test drinks compared with control (p>0.005). The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose responses showed no significant differences between all test drinks. Time x treatment showed a significant increased from 0 to 30 mins (peak) (p<0.005) for all test drinks. Blood glucose response significantly (p<0.005) decreased from 30 to 120 mins for all test drinks except control. There were no significant differences in GI of βG, WP, and βG+WP drinks compared with control (117%, 124% and 114%, respectively). This study suggested that drinks prepared with βG and WP were palatable and acceptable either per se or in combination but did not significantly reduce the GI compared with control drink. In addition, the drink prepared with βG and whey protein reduced short-term glucose but does not affect overall glycaemic response.

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“…While we did not observe changes in weight gain over the treatment period, VPA-treated mice accumulated significantly greater feeding durations and entries without clear evidence of locomotor suppression, active state dysregulation or increased "sleep". Weight gain is a well-known side effect of VPA and may be explained by increased appetite, although appetite, satiety or hunger are challenging to objectively measure in humans 72 . VPA has been linked to hyperinsulinemia (and insulin resistance), and hyperleptinemia (with leptin resistance), both of which would be expected to increase appetite 58,73 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Digital Psychopharmacology of Valproic Acid in Mice

Bass

Tuo²,

Ton³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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ObjectiveAntiepileptic drugs (AEDs) require daily ingestion for maximal seizure prophylaxis. Adverse psychiatric consequences of AEDs present as: (i) reversible changes in mood, anger, anxiety and/or irritability that often necessitate drug discontinuation, and (ii) autism and/or cognitive/psychomotor developmental delays following fetal exposure. Technical advances in quantifying naturalistic rodent behaviors may provide sensitive preclinical estimates of AED psychiatric tolerability and neuropsychiatric teratogenicity.MethodsUsing instrumented home-cage monitoring, we assessed how valproic acid (VPA, dissolved in sweetened drinking water) alters home-cage behavior in adult C57BL/6J mice and in the adult offspring of VPA-exposed breeder pairs. By utilizing a pup open field assay, we also examined how prenatal VPA exposure impacts early spontaneous exploratory behavior.ResultsAt 500-600mg/kg/d, chronic VPA produced hyperphagia and increased wheel-running without impacting sleep, activity and measures of risk aversion. When applied chronically to breeder pairs of mice, VPA prolonged the latency to viable litters without affecting litter size. Two-week old VPA-exposed pups displayed open field hypoactivity without alterations in thigmotaxis. As adults, prenatal VPA-exposed mice displayed active state fragmentation, hypophagia and increased wheel running, together with subtle alterations in home-cage dyadic behavior.InterpretationThrough automated home-cage assessments of C57BL/6J mice, we capture an ethologically centered psychopharmacological profile of enterally administered VPA that is aligned with human clinical experience. By characterizing the effects of pangestational VPA exposure, we discover novel murine expressions of pervasive neurodevelopment. Incorporating rigorous comprehensive assessments of neuropsychiatric tolerability may inform the design of future AEDs with improved neuropsychiatric safety profiles, both for patients and their offspring.

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Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Human Appetite (Satiety/Satiation) and Its Contribution to Obesity

Cited by 108 publications

References 94 publications

Evaluation of an Amino Acid Mix on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Peptides, Glucometabolic Homeostasis, and Appetite in Obese Adolescents Administered with a Fixed-Dose or ad Libitum Meal

Evaluation of an Amino Acid Mix on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Peptides, Glucometabolic Homeostasis, and Appetite in Obese Adolescents Administered with a Fixed-Dose or ad Libitum Meal

Glycaemic index, palatability and acceptability of energy drinks prepared with β-glucan and whey protein

On the Digital Psychopharmacology of Valproic Acid in Mice

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