This article outlines a conceptual model of parental involvement in family support programs, anchored in ecological and family systems frameworks. After summarizing the current attrition literature, the article proposes that parental decisions to enroll and remain in support programs are shaped by a variety of factors at different ''levels'' of influence: individual characteristics of the parent and family, provider attributes, program characteristics, and neighborhood characteristics. The conclusion discusses the implications of this line of study for research, practice, and policy. M any can agree on the need to cast a broad net in examining how a vulnerable infant becomes a responsible adult. Few can agree on the most salient factors, however, and, most important for our purpose, how to manipulate these factors so as to increase the likelihood that parents will seek out and effectively utilize the supports they need to better care for their children. Family support programs now abound to help parents with their daily struggles, yet providers often cannot fill all program slots nor keep parents consistently involved for any length of time. Because the dual issues of low enrollment and retention in voluntary, family support programs are endemic to the family support field (Clinton