Issues Concerning Survival of Viruses on Surfaces

Vašíčková, Petra; Pavlík, I.; Verani, Marco; Carducci, Annalaura

doi:10.1007/s12560-010-9025-6

Cited by 163 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Once present in the environment, human NoV being non-enveloped viruses (with biological characteristics that are important factors affecting survival) have higher resistance to drying or desiccation methods. Therefore, they are thought to spread more easily than enveloped viruses, which are less stable in the environment (Vasickova et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus from Produce Using SYBR Green I-based Real-time RT-PCR

Radin

D’Souza²

2011

Food Environ Virol

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Several foodborne norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce. Rapid and sensitive detection can help prevent the release of contaminated produce items in the market. The objectives of this study were to apply a relatively inexpensive SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the rapid detection of human norovirus (NoV) GI and GII on the surfaces of lettuce, cherry tomatoes, and green onions. Each washed produce commodity (25 g) was spiked with serial dilutions of NoV GI and GII stool samples. RNA was eluted from the produce surface and extracted using the TRIzol TM method. This was followed by detection using SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR with primers specific for NoV GI (COG1F-COG1R) and GII (COG2F-COG2R) along with an internal RNA amplification control. Endpoint detection limits from lettuce and tomatoes were found to be 10 RT-PCR units/25 g for GI and GII and 1 RT-PCR unit/25 g for GI and 10 RT-PCR units/25 g for GII from green onions. These results were confirmed by Tm analysis (showing peaks at 81.5 and 84°C for GI and GII, respectively; and 83°C for the IAC) as well as agarose gel electrophoresis that confirmed products of *95 bp for GI and GII and *155 bp for the RNA IAC. Results could be obtained within one working day, showing potential for routine use in diagnostics and monitoring of NoV contamination by the produce industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus from Produce Using SYBR Green I-based Real-time RT-PCR

Radin

D’Souza²

2011

Food Environ Virol

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“…They spread directly via person-to-person contact (fecal-oral and vomitus-oral) or indirectly through food, water, and the environment (2). Natural biofilms in sewage treatment effluent could be responsible for many persistent waterborne outbreaks, since such biofilms have been found to harbor noroviruses (3,4). Infection spreads quickly and widely, affecting individuals of all ages, especially where many people gather or live in close proximity, such as in long-term care residences, retirement homes, cruise ships, and the like.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Murine Norovirus Inhibition by Pulsed-Light Technology

Vimont

Fliss

Jean

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Pulsed light is a nonthermal processing technology recognized by the FDA for killing microorganisms on food surfaces, with cumulative fluences up to 12 J cm ؊2 . In this study, we investigated its efficacy for inactivating murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) as a human norovirus surrogate in phosphate-buffered saline, hard water, mineral water, turbid water, and sewage treatment effluent and on food contact surfaces, including high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and stainless steel, free or in an alginate matrix. The pulsed-light device emitted a broadband spectrum (200 to 1,000 nm) at a fluence of 0.67 J cm ؊2 per pulse, with 2% UV at 8 cm beneath the lamp. Reductions in viral infectivity exceeded 3 log 10 in less than 3 s (5 pulses; 3.45 J cm ؊2 ) in clear suspensions and on clean surfaces, even in the presence of alginate, and in 6 s (11 pulses; 7.60 J cm ؊2 ) on fouled surfaces except for stainless steel (2.6 log 10 ). The presence of protein or bentonite interfered with viral inactivation. Analysis of the morphology, the viral proteins, and the RNA integrity of treated MNV-1 allowed us to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the antiviral activity of pulsed light. Pulsed light appeared to disrupt MNV-1 structure and degrade viral protein and RNA. The results suggest that pulsed-light technology could provide an effective alternative means of inactivating noroviruses in wastewaters, in clear beverages, in drinking water, or on food-handling surfaces in the presence or absence of biofilms.H uman noroviruses are responsible for one-fifth of all cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide (1). They spread directly via person-to-person contact (fecal-oral and vomitus-oral) or indirectly through food, water, and the environment (2). Natural biofilms in sewage treatment effluent could be responsible for many persistent waterborne outbreaks, since such biofilms have been found to harbor noroviruses (3, 4). Infection spreads quickly and widely, affecting individuals of all ages, especially where many people gather or live in close proximity, such as in long-term care residences, retirement homes, cruise ships, and the like. Infectious doses as low as 2,800 particles, the high viral loads in feces and vomit (up to 10 9 genomic copies per gram), persistence in the environment, prolonged duration of viral shedding even after symptoms have resolved, and inadequate long-term immunity all contribute to the high incidence of norovirus illness (5). Although the illness is usually mild and self-limiting, the large number of cases per year represents a considerable loss in productivity and constitutes a substantial burden on society (2, 6).Among the physical disinfection processes, pulsed-light treatment appears well suited for the disinfection of food contact surfaces in industrial and health care settings and for decontaminating water and beverages. It has been proposed as a means of nonthermal pasteurization for food preservation and for decontaminating air and packaging materials (7). It has proven effective for inactivati...

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“…Physical, chemical, and biological factors affect virus survival on surfaces (16), and physical factors have been identified as important for virus survival in groundwater (17). While less saline than the GSL, studies investigating virus survival in seawater (approximately 35 ppt on average) have the most relevance to the survival of WNV in the GSL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence or absence of other microorganisms may have various effects on virus survival in water (16). The observed antiviral activity of seawater on human enteroviruses was reported to be abolished when the seawater samples were boiled, autoclaved, or filtered through either a 0.22-or 0.45-m-pore-size filter (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for Waterborne and Invertebrate Transmission of West Nile Virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Lund

Shearn-Bochsler

Dusek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In November and December of 2013, a large mortality event involving 15,000 to 20,000 eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) occurred at the Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT. The onset of the outbreak in grebes was followed by a mortality event in >86 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). During the die-off, West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) or viral culture in the carcasses of grebes and eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center. However, no activity of mosquitoes, the primary vectors of WNV, was detected by the State of Utah's WNV monitoring program. The transmission of WNV has rarely been reported during the winter in North America in the absence of known mosquito activity; however, the size of this die-off, the habitat in which it occurred, and the species involved are unique. We experimentally investigated whether WNV could survive in water with a high salt content, as found at the GSL, and whether brine shrimp, the primary food of migrating eared grebes on the GSL, could have played a role in the transmission of WNV to feeding birds. We found that WNV can survive up to 72 h at 4°C in water containing 30 to 150 ppt NaCl, and brine shrimp incubated with WNV in 30 ppt NaCl may adsorb WNV to their cuticle and, through feeding, infect epithelial cells of their gut. Both mechanisms may have potentiated the WNV die-off in migrating eared grebes on the GSL. IMPORTANCE Following a major West Nile virus die-off of eared grebes and bald eagles at the Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT, in November to December 2013, this study assessed the survival of West Nile virus (WNV) in water as saline as that of the GSL and whether brine shrimp, the major food for migrating grebes, could have played a role as a vector for the virus. While mosquitoes are the major vector of WNV, under certain circumstances, transmission may occur through contaminated water and invertebrates as food.

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Issues Concerning Survival of Viruses on Surfaces

Cited by 163 publications

References 87 publications

Simple and Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus from Produce Using SYBR Green I-based Real-time RT-PCR

Simple and Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus from Produce Using SYBR Green I-based Real-time RT-PCR

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Murine Norovirus Inhibition by Pulsed-Light Technology

Potential for Waterborne and Invertebrate Transmission of West Nile Virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah

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