Isotopic shifts and the hyperfine structure of the samarium spectral lines at 672 and 686 nm

The influence of orientation and strength of external magnetic field on the time dependences of populations of atomic levels for Lamda systems

“…This effect has found important applications in ultrahigh‐resolution spectroscopy 4, 5, lasing without inversion 6–8, laser cooling 9, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) 10–15. Results of theoretical and experimental investigations of CPT have been published in many articles 6–28.…”

“…For these atoms, the hyperfine components of the ground state with a typical splitting of several GHz were used as lower levels of the Λ system. Kolachevski et al 27 were the first to investigate experimentally CPT resonances in Sm atomic vapors. In this case, the fine‐structure levels served as the lower levels of the Λ system.…”

“…It was noted that the potential figure of merit for CPT resonances in the latter system is two or three orders of magnitude higher than that for alkali metal atoms. According to the authors 27, this circumstance permits one to consider the atomic system with trapped populations as the secondary frequency standard, in which the difference between optical frequencies ω L 1 –ω L 2 can be stabilized with a high degree of accuracy.…”