Isotopic composition of the major contributors to atmospheric sulfur

Nielsen, H.

doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01969.x

Cited by 71 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Cations were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry; aerosol samples were analyzed for sodium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, zinc, cadmium, lead and vanadium; while precipitation samples were analyzed only for sodium and calcium; further details and results are reported by Liss and An intercept of +3.396o (range +0.996o to +5.796o) was found at 0% sea salt sulphate and an intercept of +20.096o at 100% sea salt sulphate (R 2 for regression = 0.92). The value of +20.096o for sea salt sulphate is identical to that for seawater sulphate [Nielsen, 1974] Table 1). On the basis of these few samples, there is some evidence that different fuels have slightly different isotopic signatures, with oil being the lightest and orimulsion the heaviest.…”

Section: Equation (1) Can Then Be Simplified Tosupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The •34S at the 100% sea salt sulphate intercept was the same for aerosol and rain at +2096o, an identical value to that found for seawater [Nielsen, 1974] Although sulphur dioxide samples were not routinely collected in this study, one sample of ambient SO2 collected in south Wales over a period of 3 months during the sampling period has been analyzed which gave a value of +2.7%o , 0.696o lighter than the rain and aerosol intercept of +3.396o suggesting that there is very little fractionation between SO2 and sulphate. This indicates either that both oxidation pathways are important or that the fractionations during oxidation, whether by homogeneous or heterogeneous routes, are very much smaller than those predicted.…”

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confidence: 63%

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An isotopic study of atmospheric sulphur at three sites in Wales and at Mace Head, Eire

McArdle¹,

Liss²,

Dennis³

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Section: Equation (1) Can Then Be Simplified Tosupporting

confidence: 60%

supporting

confidence: 63%

An isotopic study of atmospheric sulphur at three sites in Wales and at Mace Head, Eire

McArdle¹,

Liss²,

Dennis³

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…These estimates have been confirmed by recent measurements by Calhoun et al (199 1) of 634S of marine nss-SO4 ( 15.6 13.1 '?&I) from the South Pacific Ocean which they attributed to marine DMS. Although terrestrial biogenic inputs to the atmosphere can have very negative 634S values (-32 to -6?&) (Nielsen 1974), there should bc little terrestrial biogenic input, since the distance over which the marine moisture has to travel before it gets to the Manso catchment is only 70 km. Furthermore, marine moisture is thought to be more important in high mountain areas; this is reflected in the more positive d34S values (up to values -+ 1 ~Y&I) compared to surrounding lowlands (Chukhrov et al 1980).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical weathering of phosphate and germanium in glacial meltwater streams: Effects of subglacial pyrite oxidation

Chillrud

Pedrozo²,

Temporetti³

et al. 1994

Limnology & Oceanography

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Data from three glacial meltwater streams draining Mt. Tronador in the southern Argentine Andes (72"W, 4 1"s) show that subglacial pyrite oxidation and the subsequent precipitation of iron oxides strongly influence dissolved phosphate concentrations but do not appear to affect dissolved germanium concentrations. Total-Fe (TFe) and total-P (TP) concentrations are high in all three glacial streams, but the ratios of soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) to TP are very different, The Upper Manso Stream that drains the Manso Glacier has relatively low SRP (0.01-0.23 PM), representing a small fraction of its TP (O. l-5%). The SRP of the two streams draining smaller side glaciers (0.124.69 PM) represents a much larger portion of their TP (20-32%). TFe, dissolved sulfate, and 634S data suggest that pyrite oxidation is the most likely weathering reaction contributing sulfate to the Upper Manso Stream but not to the two smaller glacialfed streams, in which atmospheric inputs can account for all of the sulfate. Dissolved Ge appears to show no preferential sorption relative to dissolved silica, in contrast to the speculation that Ge preferentially sorbs on fresh iron hydroxyoxide surfaces.Rock-water interactions are an important part of the geochemical cycles of the earth, ultimately controlling the compositions of rivers, streams, and lakes-both dissolved and suspended solids-and thus the fluxes of chemicals to the sea. Sorption-desorption reactions with surfaces of suspended solids strongly affect the dissolved composition of waters, and the riverine fluxes of most elements are dominated by the suspended solids load (Martin and Meybeck 1979).Two driving forces of rock-water reactions are acid hydrolysis reactions and the formation of fresh solid surfaces for sorption reactions. Pyrite oxidation provides both. Its oxidation produces sulfuric acid, and iron hydroxyoxides are precipitated as a by-product. Whereas a AcknowledgmentsWe thank the following for their work, encouragement, and help:

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“…[4] Sulfur isotopes have been traditionally used to identify and characterize the sources of sulfur in the atmosphere because sources such as anthropogenic SO 2 , biogenic sulfur, and sulfur from airborne particulate matter (dust and mineral matter) often possesses different d 34 S values [Nielsen, 1974;Kawamura et al, 2001;Norman et al, 1999;Novak et al, 2001;Ono et al, 2009;Lyons, 2009;Szynkiewicz et al, 2009]. The sulfur isotopes in atmospheric aerosols over China have been observed to be similar to those in coal combusted in the region [Mukai et al, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of sources and formation processes of atmospheric sulfate by sulfur isotope and scanning electron microscope measurements

et al. 2010

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[1] Atmospheric sulfate aerosols have a cooling effect on the Earth's surface and can change cloud microphysics and precipitation. China has heavy loading of sulfate, but their sources and formation processes remain uncertain. In this study we characterize possible sources and formation processes of atmospheric sulfate by analyzing sulfur isotope abundances ( 32 S, 33 S, 34 S, and 36 S) and by detailed X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of aerosol samples acquired at a rural site in northern China from March to August 2005. The comparison of SEM images from coal fly ash and the atmospheric aerosols suggests that direct emission from coal combustion is a substantial source of primary atmospheric sulfate in the form of CaSO 4 . Airborne gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is usually attributed to eolian dust or atmospheric reactions with H 2 SO 4 . SEM imaging also reveals mineral particles with soot aggregates adhered to the surface where they could decrease the single scattering albedo of these aerosols. In summer months, heterogeneous oxidation of SO 2 , derived from coal combustion, appears to be the dominant source of atmospheric sulfate. Our analyses of aerosol sulfate show a seasonal variation in D 33 S (D 33 S describes either a 33 S excess or depletion relative to that predicted from consideration of classical mass-dependent isotope effects). Similar sulfur isotope variations have been observed in other atmospheric samples and in (homogenous) gas-phase reactions. On the basis of atmospheric sounding and satellite data as well as a possible relationship between D 33 S and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) during the sampling period, we attribute the sulfur isotope anomalies (D 33 S and D 36 S) in Xianghe aerosol sulfates to another atmospheric source (upper troposphere or lower stratosphere).Citation: Guo, Z., Z. Li, J. Farquhar, A. J. Kaufman, N. Wu, C. Li, R. R. Dickerson, and P. Wang (2010), Identification of sources and formation processes of atmospheric sulfate by sulfur isotope and scanning electron microscope measurements,

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Isotopic composition of the major contributors to atmospheric sulfur

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

An isotopic study of atmospheric sulphur at three sites in Wales and at Mace Head, Eire

An isotopic study of atmospheric sulphur at three sites in Wales and at Mace Head, Eire

Chemical weathering of phosphate and germanium in glacial meltwater streams: Effects of subglacial pyrite oxidation

Identification of sources and formation processes of atmospheric sulfate by sulfur isotope and scanning electron microscope measurements

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