Isotope characteristics of vegetables and wheat from conventional and organic production

Schmidt, Hanns‐Ludwig; Roßmann, A.; Voerkelius, S.; Schnitzler, W. H.; Georgi, Michael; Graßmann, Johanna; Zimmermann, G.; Winkler, Ralf

doi:10.1080/10256010500230072

Cited by 79 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…+5 and +9%, while those grown with hornmeal (+6.0%) made of animal horn and hoofs had d 15 N values between +6 and +10%. These overlapping values may be attributed to 15 N enrichment of N derived from synthetic fertilizer through N loss via NH 3 volatilization and denitrification (Schmidt et al 2005). It has clearly been demonstrated that 15 N enrichment in plant tissues is directly related with N losses that increase d 15 N of the N remaining in the soil due to N isotopic fractionation (e.g., Johannisson and Högberg 1994).…”

Section: Plant Growth and N Uptakementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In a similar fashion, the stable C isotope ratio ( 13 C/ 12 C, expressed as d 13 C ) of crop tissues in conventional and organic farming system has been explored by a few researchers (Nakano et al 2003;Georgi et al 2005;Schmidt et al 2005). They hypothesized that plants under contrasting farming systems (conventional vs. organic) may have different d 13 C as plant d 13 C is an integrator of gas exchange response to different environmental conditions associated with water and nutrient stresses (Choi et al 2005a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

et al. 2007

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The effects of the liquid pig manure (LM) used in organic farming on the natural abundance of 15 N and 13 C signatures in plant tissues have not been studied. We hypothesized that application of LM will (1) increase d 15 N of plant tissues due to the high d 15 N of N in LM as compared with soil N or inorganic fertilizer N, and (2) increase d 13 C of plant tissues as a result of high salt concentration in LM that decreases stomatal conductance of plants. To test these hypotheses, variations in the d 15 N and d 13 C of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle) with two different LMs (with d 15 N of +15.6 and +18.2%) applied at two rates (323 and 646 kg N ha -1 for cabbage and 150 and 300 kg N ha -1 for chrysanthemum), or urea (d 15 N = -2.7%) applied at the lower rate above for the respective species, in addition to the control (no N input) were investigated through a 60-day pot experiment. Application of LM significantly increased plant tissue d 15 N (range +9.4 to +14.9%) over the urea (+3.2 to +3.3%) or control (+6.8 to 7.7%) treatments regardless of plant species, strongly reflecting the d 15 N of the N source. Plant tissue d 13 C were not affected by the treatments for cabbage (range À30.8 to À30.2%) or chrysanthemum (À27.3 to À26.8%). However, cabbage dry matter production decreased while its d 13 C increased with increasing rate of LM application or increasing soil salinity (P < 0.05), suggesting that salinity stress caused by high rate of LM application likely decreased stomatal conductance and limited growth of cabbage. Our study expanded the use of the d 15 N technique in N source (organic vs. synthetic fertilizer) identification and suggested that plant tissue d 13 C maybe a sensitive indicator of plant response to salinity stress caused by high LM application rates.Keywords d 13 C Á d 15 N Á Liquid livestock manure Á Organic input Á Salinity Á Synthetic fertilizer Abbreviations LMLiquid manure SM Solid manure

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Section: Plant Growth and N Uptakementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

et al. 2007

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“…17,18,22,23 In our previous study, the overlapped δ 15 N values were observed in Brassica campestris with combined application of organic and synthetic fertilizers. 17 Some reports drew a conclusion that 15 N isotope analysis could only be used to determine whether chemical fertilizer had been singly applied.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…22 Thus, δ 15 N value could be used as a rough organic marker only in the case of single fertilizer application. 23 It is necessary to employ a statistical methodology to classify a randomly analyzed "off the shelf" sample as organic/conventional.…”

Section: Journal Of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in the Natural ¹⁵N Abundance of Brassica chinensis Grown in Uncultivated Soil Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Yuan¹,

Hu²,

Ming

et al. 2014

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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To further investigate the method of using δ(15)N as a marker for organic vegetable discrimination, the effects of different fertilizers on the δ(15)N in different growing stages of Brassica chinensis (B. chinensis) grown in uncultivated soil were investigated with a pot experiment. B. chinensis was planted with uncultivated soil and different fertilizer treatments and then harvested three times in three seasons consecutively. For the spring experiments in the years of 2011 and 2012, the δ(15)N value of B. chinensis, which increased due to organic manure application and decreased due to chemical fertilizer application, was significantly different (p < 0.05) with manure treatment and chemical treatment. The δ(15)N value of vegetables varied among three growing stages and ranged from +8.6‰ to +11.5‰ for the control, from +8.6‰ to +12.8‰ for the compost chicken manure treatment, from +2.8‰ to +7.7‰ for the chemical fertilizer urea treatment, and from +7.7‰ to +10.9‰ for the compost-chemical fertilizer treatment. However, the δ(15)N values observed in the autumn experiment of 2011 without any fertilizer application increased ranging from +13.4‰ to +15.4‰, + 11.2‰ to +17.7‰, +10.7‰ to +17.1‰, and +10.6‰ to +19.1‰, respectively, for the same treatments mentioned above. This result was not significantly different between manure treatment and chemical treatment. The δ(15)N values of soil obtained in the spring of 2011 during three growing stages were slightly affected by fertilizers and varied in the range of +1.6‰ to +2.5‰ for CK, +4.7‰ to +6.5‰ for compost treatment, +2.1‰ to +2.4‰ for chemical treatment, and +2.7‰ to +4.6‰ for chemical-compost treatment, respectively. High δ(15)N values of B. chinensis were observed in these experiments, which would be useful to supplement a δ(15)N database for discriminating organic vegetables. Although there was a significant difference between manure treatment and chemical treatment, it was still difficult to discriminate whether a labeled organic vegetable was really grown without chemical fertilizer just with a fixed high δ(15)N value, especially for the vegetables planted simultaneously with chemical and compost fertilizer.

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“…If we assume that both ethynyl carbon atoms in EE 2 are petrochemical, the plant-based precursor compounds must also contain some fossil carbon atoms. These fossil carbons are probably derived from CO 2 amendments to commercial greenhouses from natural gas heating exhaust [22,23] and/or from plants grown in areas heavily impacted by fossil fuel emissions. [24] It is interesting to note that Eglinton et al [25] found a similar 14 C content (Δ 14 C = -113 %) in a sample of Crassula argentea grown in a greenhouse heated by natural gas.…”

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confidence: 99%

Natural and synthetic estrogens in wastewater treatment plant effluent and the coastal ocean

Griffith¹

2013

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Steroidal estrogens are potent endocrine disrupting chemicals that are naturally excreted by vertebrates (e.g., humans and fish) and can enter natural waters through the discharge of treated and raw sewage. Because estrogens are detrimental to aquatic organisms at picomolar concentrations, many studies have measured so-called "free" estrogen concentrations in wastewater effluents, rivers, and lakes. Yet, to our knowledge, no studies have characterized the broader range of estrogens that includes free, conjugated, and halogenated forms.Conjugated estrogens are important because they can be easily converted to potent free forms by bacteria in wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters. And halogenated estrogens, produced during wastewater disinfection, are only slightly less potent than free estrogens but much more likely to bioaccumulate.We have developed a tandem mass spectrometry method that is capable of simultaneously quantifying free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens at picomolar levels in wastewater effluent and coastal seawater. The method was validated using treated effluent from the greater Boston metropolitan area, where we found that halogenated estrogens represented over 50 % of the total estrogen discharge flux. A kinetic model of estrogen halogenation was used to predict the distribution of free and halogenated forms in wastewater effluent and suggested that chlorinated estrogens may be formed en route to the wastewater treatment plant.In the receiving waters of Massachusetts Bay, we detected a range of conjugated, free, and halogenated forms at concentrations that were well-predicted by dilution near the sewage outfall. Farther downstream, we found significantly higher estrone concentrations which points to large inputs of estrogens from sources other than sewage. 4Finally, we have used compound-specific measurements of 13 C and 14 C in commercial and pharmaceutical estrogen preparations to evaluate the potential for using carbon isotopes to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous steroids in wastewater and other environmental matrices. Our results show that synthetic estrogens and progestogens exhibit significantly depleted δ 13 C values (~ -30 ‰) compared to endogenous steroids (-16 ‰ to -26 ‰). This isotopic difference should make it possible to apportion synthetic and endogenous hormone sources in complex environments.

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Isotope characteristics of vegetables and wheat from conventional and organic production

Cited by 79 publications

References 11 publications

Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

Variations in the Natural ¹⁵N Abundance of Brassica chinensis Grown in Uncultivated Soil Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Natural and synthetic estrogens in wastewater treatment plant effluent and the coastal ocean

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Isotope characteristics of vegetables and wheat from conventional and organic production

Cited by 79 publications

References 11 publications

Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure

Variations in the Natural 15N Abundance of Brassica chinensis Grown in Uncultivated Soil Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Natural and synthetic estrogens in wastewater treatment plant effluent and the coastal ocean

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Variations in the Natural ¹⁵N Abundance of Brassica chinensis Grown in Uncultivated Soil Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilizers