Isomerization of n-butene over pre-coked HZSM-5 and HFER

Catalysis engineering of bifunctional solids for the one-step synthesis of liquid fuels from syngas: a review

“…25 The above-mentioned reaction steps for hydrocracking are based on a monomolecular mechanism. In the so-called bimolecular mechanism, [26][27][28] an alkene is protonated by the Brønsted acid and forms a dimer with another olefinic hydrocarbon ( Fig. 3).…”