Isomerization and trans‐esterification

Cowan, J. C.

doi:10.1007/bf02637769

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In both cases, there also exists a number of possible types of positional isomers, three in the case of the diene and five in the case of the triene (43). Thus, it may be seen that the numerous structures possible due to rearrangements such as illustrated in this section present a complicated situation.…”

Section: Positional and Geometrical Stereoisomerismmentioning

confidence: 86%

Polymerization of Drying Oils

Wexler¹

1964

Chem. Rev.

154

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Section: Positional and Geometrical Stereoisomerismmentioning

confidence: 86%

Polymerization of Drying Oils

Wexler¹

1964

Chem. Rev.

154

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“…Many other uses of barium have been described in the literature, but they are minor. For example, barium has been used in bearing alloys [53]; in lead -tin soldering alloys, where it increases creep resistance [54]; in nickel alloys for spark plugs [55]; in alloys with calcium, silicon, aluminum, and manganese that are used as deoxidizers for high-grade steel [19], [56]; and as an inoculant for steel and cast iron [57], [58]. Barium has also been used as a modifying agent for silumin, instead of strontium or sodium, because barium also refines the structure of the eutectic aluminum -silicon alloy [59].…”

Section: Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barium and Barium Compounds

Kresse¹,

Baudis²,

Jäger³

et al. 2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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(Hicks et al. 1986). In contrast to these finding, no adverse histological alterations were observed in the lungs of rats exposed to 44.1 mg barium/m 3 as barium sulfate for 119 days (Cullen et al. 2000).Cardiovascular Effects. Three of 12 workers chronically exposed to barium carbonate dust had elevated blood pressure and 2 workers had ECG abnormalities (Essing et al. 1976). However, it is unknown whether this represented an increased incidence because no comparison with a control population was performed. Increased blood pressure and cardiac irregularities were reportedly observed in guinea pigs exposed by inhalation for an unspecified period of time to 0.06 mg barium/m 3 /minute as aerosolized barium chloride solution (Hicks et al. 1986). Tarasenko et al. (1977) reported a 32% increase in arterial pressure and alterations in ECG readings suggestive of disturbances in heart conductivity following proserine administration in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate; no ECG alterations were observed prior to proserine administration.Gastrointestinal Effects. Abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting were experienced by a 22-year old factory worker accidentally exposed by acute inhalation to a large but unspecified amount of barium carbonate powder (Shankle and Keane 1988). No animal studies were located regarding gastrointestinal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium.Hematological Effects. Altered hematological parameters were observed in rats following inhalation for an intermediate exposure period to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate dust (Tarasenko et al. 1977). Reported changes included decreased blood hemoglobin and thrombocyte count. Musculoskeletal Effects.After accidental exposure to a large amount of barium carbonate powder by acute inhalation, a 22-year-old factory worker developed progressive muscle weakness and paralysis of the extremities and neck (Shankle and Keane 1988); this is likely due to the low serum potassium level rather than a direct effect on muscle tissue. X-ray analysis of the bones and skeletal muscles of the pelvis and thighs of workers chronically exposed to barium carbonate dust revealed no apparent build up of insoluble barium in these tissues (Essing et al. 1976). No studies were located regarding musculoskeletal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium. Hepatic Effects.No studies were located regarding hepatic effects in humans after inhalation exposure to barium. Impaired detoxifying function of the liver was noted in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate dust (Tarasenko et al. 1977). No other details were reported. BARIUM AND BARIUM COMPOUNDS 3. HEALTH EFFECTSRenal Effects. Renal failure occurred in a 22-year-old worker accidentally exposed by acute inhalation to barium carbonate powder (Shankle and Keane 1988). No studies were located regarding renal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium. Body Weight Effects.A 21% decrease in body weight gain was observed in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as ...

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“…However, after the fihn has formed, the trans acid can still oxidize but much more slowly, and the "volatile" products of its oxidation cannot escape so readily. These volatile products remain to plasticize the fiha and give aftertack (16). Calcium oxide in the fihn reduces this aftertack (17).…”

Section: Isomerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty years of research in oils at Northern Regional Research Laboratory

Cowan

1961

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Research conducted at the Northern Laboratory on vegetable oils during the past two decades includes polymerization, isomerization, flavor stability, and structure. Some early accomplishments—dimeric fatty acids and their derivatives, conjugated oils and their aftertack as well as the use of citric acid to inactivate iron in soybean oil—and more recent accomplishments—aldehyde oils, cyclic fatty acids, and tests for hidden oxidation and hydrazine reduction—are among the subjects reviewed.

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Isomerization and trans‐esterification

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Polymerization of Drying Oils

Polymerization of Drying Oils

Barium and Barium Compounds

Twenty years of research in oils at Northern Regional Research Laboratory

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