Isomer-specific determination of 79 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) in cod liver oils, chlorophenols and in a fly ash

Kurz, Joachim; Ballschmiter, Karlheinz

doi:10.1007/bf00324298

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…PCDEs may be converted to more toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) by photolysis or pyrolysis (Norström et al 1977;Lindahl et al 1980;Nito et al 1997). Of particular note are those produced from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) (Koistinen et al 1995b;Passivirta et al 1986;Kurz and Ballschmiter 1995;Olie et al 1977), which are known to be major sources of PCDEs and PCDD/Fs. PCDEs and PCDD/Fs become concentrated in fly ash by post-combustion processes, forming in the presence of oxygen, their precursors, and chlorine sources (Liu et al , 2011Addink and Olie 1995;Tuppurainen et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of iron and copper oxides on polychlorinated diphenyl ether formation in heterogeneous reactions

Liu

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Polychlorinated diphenyl ether (PCDE) has attracted great attention recently as an important type of environmental pollutant. The influence of iron and copper oxides on formation of PCDEs was investigated using laboratory-scale flow reactors under air and under nitrogen at 350°C, a temperature corresponding to the post-combustion zone of a municipal solid waste incinerator. The results show that the 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′,6-otachlorodiphenyl ether (OCDE) formed from the condensation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (Cl 4

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of iron and copper oxides on polychlorinated diphenyl ether formation in heterogeneous reactions

Liu

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The main possible sources are the technical production of chlorinated phenols and all processes of incomplete combustion. PCDEs were observed in the fly ash from municipal waste incinerator (MWI) (Passivirta et al 1986, Kurz et al 1995. Moreover, PCDEs are a group of ubiquitous pollutants and can bioaccumulate in the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes

Liu

Zheng

Liu

et al. 2007

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Some PCDEs may have biochemical and toxic effects similar to those of PCBs and PCDD/Fs (Becker et al, 1991). Furthermore, PCDEs may be converted to or form toxic PCDD/Fs by photolysis or pyrolysis (Norström et al, 1976;Lindahl et al, 1980;Liu et al, 2010), and have been observed in the flue gas and fly ash of waste incinerators (Kurz and Ballschmiter, 1995;Nakao et al, 2006). Nevertheless, in terms of being a product of incomplete combustion, PCDEs have attracted little attention compared to related combustion-originated POPs, such as PCDD/Fs Lin et al, 2008;Li et al, 2011), PCBs , PBDD/Fs and PBDEs (Wang et al, 2010a, c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and Characterization of Persistent Organic Pollutant Emissions from Stack Flue Gases of an Electric Arc Furnace by Using a Long-Term Sampling System (AMESA®)

Wang

Lin

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A long-term sampling system, called the Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans (AMESA), was used for long-term sampling (up to 168 hours) of an electric arc furnace (EAF) to obtain the representative flue gas samples. In order to have a comprehensive view of the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from EAFs, six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were investigated. Tests showed the breakthroughs of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs are much larger (8.9%-43%), while the others are less than 3%. A significant increase in breakthrough with the increase in halogen numbers is observed, because highly halogen-substituted POPs tend to partition to the particulate-phase. Except for PCBs and PCDEs, whose percentages of the POPs in the rinses to the total POPs collected from the long-term samples (cartridges + rinses) are less than 7%, those of the other POPs are all greater than 30%. Therefore, the solvents from the rinses of the sampling probe and other components need to be combined with an XAD-2 cartridge for analyses. The PCBs and PBDEs are the most abundant pollutants in the stack flue gases of the EAF, and their mass concentrations are one to three orders higher than those of the other POPs. With regard to POPs with dioxin-like toxicity, the percentages of the contributed toxicities by PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBBD/Fs are 87.1%, 11.7% and 1.2%. The close association that PBDEs and PBDD/Fs have with the concentrations and congener profiles is not present for PCDEs and PCDD/Fs, suggesting the need for further studies of the formation mechanisms of these analogues.

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Isomer-specific determination of 79 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) in cod liver oils, chlorophenols and in a fly ash

Cited by 41 publications

References 27 publications

Influence of iron and copper oxides on polychlorinated diphenyl ether formation in heterogeneous reactions

Influence of iron and copper oxides on polychlorinated diphenyl ether formation in heterogeneous reactions

Formation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes

Validation and Characterization of Persistent Organic Pollutant Emissions from Stack Flue Gases of an Electric Arc Furnace by Using a Long-Term Sampling System (AMESA®)

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