Isolations of Simbu-group viruses in Ibadan, Nigeria 1964–69, including the new types Sango, Shamonda, Sabo and Shuni

Causey, O. R.; Kemp, Graham E.; Causey, C. E; Lee, V. H.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1972.11686835

Cited by 68 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Infections can lead to reduced milk yield, fever, fetal malformations and abortions in ruminants (primarily sheep, goats and cattle) [26, 28]; human infections have not been reported. SATV was isolated from mosquitoes in India in 1957 [29], and was later detected in cattle and biting midges in Nigeria [30, 31]. More recently, SATV was detected in Japan in 1999 [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses

et al. 2017

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BackgroundVector arthropods control arbovirus replication and spread through antiviral innate immune responses including RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. Arbovirus infections have been shown to induce the exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways, but direct antiviral activity by these host responses in mosquito cells has only been demonstrated against a limited number of positive-strand RNA arboviruses. For bunyaviruses in general, the relative contribution of small RNA pathways in antiviral defences is unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe genus Orthobunyavirus in the Bunyaviridae family harbours a diverse range of mosquito-, midge- and tick-borne arboviruses. We hypothesized that differences in the antiviral RNAi response in vector versus non-vector cells may exist and that could influence viral host range. Using Aedes aegypti-derived mosquito cells, mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses and midge-borne orthobunyaviruses we showed that bunyavirus infection commonly induced the production of small RNAs and the effects of the small RNA pathways on individual viruses differ in specific vector-arbovirus interactions.Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings have important implications for our understanding of antiviral RNAi pathways and orthobunyavirus-vector interactions and tropism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses

et al. 2017

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“…This virus is closely related to Shamondavirus, which belongs to the Simbu serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus , family Bunyaviridae [2]. The virus, provisionally called Schmallenberg virus (SBV), has since been associated with clinical signs of decreased milk production, watery diarrhoea and fever that had occurred in the months of August and September in dairy cows in the Netherlands [3] and Germany [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a virus neutralisation test to detect antibodies against Schmallenberg virus and serological results in suspect and infected herds

et al. 2012

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BackgroundAt the end of 2011, a new orthobunyavirus, tentatively named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was discovered in Germany. This virus has since been associated with clinical signs of decreased milk production, watery diarrhoea and fever in dairy cows, and subsequently also with congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids. In affected countries, initial surveillance for the infection was based on examination of malformed progeny. These suspicions were followed up by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on brain tissue. For epidemiological purposes, a serological assay was, however, needed.ResultsA virus neutralisation test (VNT) was developed and optimized, and subsequently evaluated. This VNT has a specificity of >99% and the sensitivity is likely also very close to 100%. The assay is highly repeatable and reproducible. The final assay was used to test for antibodies in cows, ewes and does from herds known to be infected or suspected to be so. Targets for sampling in these herds were the mothers of malformed offspring. In herds with an RT-PCR confirmed SBV infection, more than 94% (190 out of 201) of the ewes and 99% (145 out of 146) of the cows were seropositive. In herds with suspicion of SBV infection based on birth of malformed offspring only (no or negative RT-PCR), more than 90% (231 out of 255) of the ewes and 95% (795 out of 834) of the cows were seropositive. In goats, on the other hand, only a low number of seropositives was found: overall 36.4%, being 16 out of 44 goats tested.ConclusionsGiven the characteristics of this VNT, it can be used at a relative high throughput for testing of animals for export, surveillance, screening and research purposes, but can also be used as a confirmation test for commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA’s) and for (relative) quantification of antibodies.Suspicions of SBV infections that were confirmed by RT-PCR were almost always confirmed by serology in cows. Due to individual registration and identification of cows and calves, affected offspring could almost always be traced back to the mother. Ewes on the other hand were not always the mothers of affected lambs, but were in many cases herd mates with unaffected lambs. This indicated a high within-herd seroprevalence of antibodies against SBV.

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“…During the course of the survey SHUV was also isolated twice again from cattle and once from a sheep and neutralizing antibodies being found in dairy, trade cattle as well as sheep (Causey et al, 1972;Causey et al, 1969;Kemp et al, 1973). SHUV was also twice isolated from Culicoides ssp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sensitive nested real-time RT-PCR for the detection of Shuni virus

Eeden

Zaayman

Venter

2014

Journal of Virological Methods

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SUMMARYRecently Shuni virus (SHUV) has been identified in clinical cases of neurological disease in horses in South Africa. Being that it was one of the less recognized orthobunyaviruses, with limited clinical descriptions of disease dating back to the 1960s and 1970s, SHUV-specific assays were never developed. In this study we report the development of a nested real-time PCR assay for the detection of SHUV by means of melt-curve analysis using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe technology. The assay was validated against previously positive clinical specimens and a dilution series of controls. This assay was applied in the screening of 386 clinical specimens of horses with neurological signs. SHUV could be amplified from cell culture, blood and tissue specimens from horses with acute disease. This is a rapid and sensitive assay that may be implemented in both diagnostic and research laboratories.

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Isolations of Simbu-group viruses in Ibadan, Nigeria 1964–69, including the new types Sango, Shamonda, Sabo and Shuni

Cited by 68 publications

References 2 publications

The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses

The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses

Development of a virus neutralisation test to detect antibodies against Schmallenberg virus and serological results in suspect and infected herds

A sensitive nested real-time RT-PCR for the detection of Shuni virus

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