Isolation, Synthesis, and Evolutionary Ecology of Piper Amides

Dyer, Lee A.; Richards, J. L.; Dodson, Craig D.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30599-8_7

Cited by 65 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…However, our results are consistent with other recent studies that have shown an indirect positive effect of plant chemical defenses on parasitoids via disrupting the caterpillar immune response (Haviola et al, 2007;Smilanich et al, 2009). Since Eois species sequester Piper amides (Dyer et al, 2004a), the mechanisms for affecting parasitism include a direct negative effect on hemocytes responsible for the immune response or an indirect effect via decreasing overall herbivore vigor. Since the feeding efficiency measurements were not affected by ingestion of Piper amides, it is more likely that the increases in parasitism were due to direct toxicity of amides to immune cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effects of Amides from Two Piper Species on Generalist and Specialist Herbivores

et al. 2010

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Plants use a diverse mix of defenses against herbivores, including multiple secondary metabolites, which often affect herbivores synergistically. Chemical defenses also can affect natural enemies of herbivores via limiting herbivore populations or by affecting herbivore resistance to parasitoids. In this study, we performed feeding experiments to examine the synergistic effects of imides and amides (hereafter "amides") from Piper cenocladum and P. imperiale on specialist (Eois nympha, Geometridae) and generalist (Spodoptera frugiperda, Noctuidae) lepidopteran larvae. Each Piper species has three unique amides, and in each experiment, larvae were fed diets containing different concentrations of single amides or combinations of the three. The amides from P. imperiale had negative synergistic effects on generalist survival and specialist pupal mass, but had no effect on specialist survival. Piper cenocladum amides also acted synergistically to increase mortality caused by parasitoids, and the direct negative effects of mixtures on parasitoid resistance and pupal mass were stronger than indirect effects via changes in growth rate and approximate digestibility. Our results are consistent with plant defense theory that predicts different effects of plant chemistry on generalist versus adapted specialist herbivores. The toxicity of Piper amide mixtures to generalist herbivores are standard bottom-up effects, while specialists experienced the top-down mediated effect of mixtures causing reduced parasitoid resistance and associated decreases in pupal mass.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effects of Amides from Two Piper Species on Generalist and Specialist Herbivores

et al. 2010

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“…Methods for GC‐MS analysis were modified from previously described methods (Dyer, Richards & Dodson ) and are described in detail in Whitehead et al . ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides from Piper

Whitehead

Bowers

2014

Functional Ecology

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Summary1. Although ripe, fleshy fruits function primarily to attract seed dispersers, they must also be defended against diverse communities of seed predators and pathogens. For some plants, the concentration and diversity of secondary metabolites in fruits can exceed that of leaves and other plant parts, but little is known about the functional significance of the suites of compounds found in fruits. Fruit secondary metabolites may function in defence, or they may play a variety of other roles in seed development and dispersal. 2. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to test the effects of amides, a highly diverse class of secondary metabolites found in Piper fruits, on a variety of antagonistic fruit pests, including an insect seed predator (Sibaria englemani, Pentatomidae) and three unidentified species of fungi isolated from ripe Piper reticulatum (Piperaceae) fruits. We tested the effects of amide-rich extracts from unripe and ripe fruits of P. reticulatum and the effects of two pure compounds, piperine and piplartine, presented alone and in combination. 3. Amide-rich extracts from unripe and ripe fruits had no effect on insect feeding preferences, but strong negative effects on fungal growth rates. A comparison of the relative bioactivity of unripe and ripe fruit extracts, controlling for concentration, showed that the specific composition of compounds in unripe fruits provides a more effective defence than that of ripe fruits against two of the three fungal species tested. 4. Pure amides had variable effects on insect feeding preferences and strong negative effects on fungal growth rates. Tests of the bioactivity of two pure amides, presented alone and in combination, showed that the same two compounds can interact either synergistically or antagonistically in mixtures depending on the particular consumer involved. 5. Together, these results suggest that the secondary metabolites in fruits may be a key characteristic contributing to fruit defence and plant reproductive success. Specifically, our results emphasize: (i) the potential for slight changes in the composition of mixtures to alter the efficacy of defence; and (ii) the potential for complex interactions among compounds in mixtures that can alter the bioactivity of secondary metabolites differentially among different consumers.

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“…When herbivores are immunocompromised, they become particularly vulnerable to attack from pathogens, parasites and parasitoids (Schmid‐Hempel & Ebert 2003). Previously, we demonstrated that caterpillars feeding on a diet with high concentrations of secondary metabolites have greater parasitism rates than those feeding on diets with low concentrations of secondary metabolites (Dyer et al. 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological cost of chemical defence and the evolution of herbivore diet breadth

Smilanich¹,

Dyer²,

Chambers³

et al. 2009

Ecology Letters

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164

203

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Selective pressures from host plant chemistry and natural enemies may contribute independently to driving insect herbivores towards narrow diet breadths. We used the specialist caterpillar, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae), which sequesters defensive compounds, iridoid glycosides, from its host plants to assess the effects of plant chemistry and sequestration on the larval immune response. A series of experiments using implanted glass beads to challenge immune function showed that larvae feeding on diets with high concentrations of iridoid glycosides are more likely to have their immune response compromised than those feeding on diets low in these compounds. These results indicate that larvae feeding on plants with high concentrations of toxins might be more poorly defended against parasitoids, while at the same time being better defended against predators, suggesting that predators and parasitoids can exert different selective pressures on the evolution of herbivore diet breadth.

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Isolation, Synthesis, and Evolutionary Ecology of Piper Amides

Cited by 65 publications

References 108 publications

Synergistic Effects of Amides from Two Piper Species on Generalist and Specialist Herbivores

Synergistic Effects of Amides from Two Piper Species on Generalist and Specialist Herbivores

Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides from Piper

Immunological cost of chemical defence and the evolution of herbivore diet breadth

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