Isolation of West Nile Virus from Mosquitoes, Crows, and a Cooper's Hawk in Connecticut

Anderson, John F.; Andreadis, Theodore G.; Vossbrinck, Charles R.; Tirrell, Shirley J.; Wakem, Edward M.; French, Richard A.; Garmendia, Antonio E.; Kruiningen, Herbert J. Van

doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2331

Cited by 309 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…vexans tested in this study were moderately susceptible to WNV and individuals with a disseminated infection readily transmitted virus by bite. Because of its high population densities in many areas (Easton 1987, Janousek and Kramer 1999, Andreadis et al 2001, Samui et al 2003, the repeated detection of WNV in this species (Anderson et al 1999, Kulasekera et al 2001, CDC 2003b), and its preference for feeding on mammals (Nasci 1984), Ae. vexans should be considered a potentially important bridge vector for WNV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

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526

358

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Since Þrst discovered in the New York City area in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has become established over much of the continental United States and has been responsible for Ͼ10,000 cases of severe disease and 400 human fatalities, as well as thousands of fatal infections in horses. To develop appropriate surveillance and control strategies, the identiÞcation of which mosquito species are competent vectors and how various factors inßuence their ability to transmit this virus must be determined. Therefore, we evaluated numerous mosquito species for their ability to transmit WNV under laboratory conditions. This report contains data for several mosquito species not reported previously, as well as a summary of transmission data compiled from previously reported studies. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on chickens infected with WNV isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak in New York City. These mosquitoes were tested Ϸ2 wk later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. All Culex species tested were competent vectors in the laboratory and varied from highly efÞcient vectors (e.g., Culex tarsalis Coquillett) to moderately efÞcient ones (e.g., Culex nigripalpus Theobald). Nearly all of the Culex species tested could serve as efÞcient enzootic or amplifying vectors for WNV. Several container-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species were highly efÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions, but because of their feeding preferences, would probably not be involved in the maintenance of WNV in nature. However, they would be potential bridge vectors between the avianÐCulex cycle and mammalian hosts. In contrast, most of the surface pool-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species tested were relatively inefÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions and would probably not play a signiÞcant role in transmitting WNV in nature. In determining the potential for a mosquito species to become involved in transmitting WNV, it is necessary to consider not only its laboratory vector competence but also its abundance, host-feeding preference, involvement with other viruses with similar transmission cycles, and whether WNV has been isolated from this species under natural conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

Self Cite

526

358

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“…West Nile virus (WNV) has become firmly established in the Western Hemisphere since its discovery in the New York City area in 1999 ( 1 , 2 ). The virus has spread at an unprecedented rate throughout the continental United States and to neighboring countries, where it is maintained in an enzootic cycle that involves wild birds and ornithophilic mosquitoes ( 3 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Host Feeding Patterns ofCulexMosquitoes and West Nile Virus Transmission, Northeastern United States

Molaei

Andreadis

Armstrong

et al. 2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Until 1999, SLEV was the only mosquito-borne flavivirus causing significant human morbidity and mortality in the United States (22). WNV, traditionally found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, emerged in New York City in the late summer of 1999 (1). By 2005 the distribution of WNV had expanded into areas of known recent SLEV activity, such as the states of Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, and California (3).…”

mentioning

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Development of Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detecting Eight Medically Important Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes

2007

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. This assay had a specificity of 100% and various sensitivities of at least 3.5 PFU/ml for YFV, 2.0 PFU/ml for JEV, 10.0 PFU/ml for WNV, and 10.0 PFU/ml for SLEV. Additionally, we have developed an in vitro transcription system to generate RNase-resistant RNA templates for each of these eight viruses. These templates can be incorporated into the assay as RNA copy number controls and/or as external controls for RNA-spiked mosquito pools for quality assurance purposes. Although further study with mosquitoes collected in the field is needed, the incorporation of this assay into mosquito surveillance could be used as an early-warning system for the detection of medically important flaviviruses, particularly when the cocirculation of multiple viruses in the same region is suspected.Flaviviruses are significant causes of disease worldwide and can be classified serologically into several antigenic complexes (12,20). Medically important members of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex include JEV, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Each of these viruses causes similar disease syndromes in humans, ranging from an asymptomatic or a mild flu-like illness to clinical encephalitis (18). Until 1999, SLEV was the only mosquito-borne flavivirus causing significant human morbidity and mortality in the United States (22). WNV, traditionally found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, emerged in New York City in the late summer of 1999 (1). By 2005 the distribution of WNV had expanded into areas of known recent SLEV activity, such as the states of Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, and California (3). Mosquito surveillance for detection of virus activity during the transmission season is an essential tool for implementation of an effective mosquito control strategy. As WNV and SLEV occupy similar ecological niches in North America, it is critical to develop a cost-effective assay capable of detecting the presence of either one or both viruses simultaneously in the mosquito pools. In addition, dengue virus (DENV) serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV-1 to DENV-4, respectively), SLEV, and yellow fever virus (YFV) are endemic in Latin America (5). The situation is further complicated by the detection of WNV activity in Mexico and Central America (3). Therefore, the development of a real-time, multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR platform for the simultaneous detection of viral RNA genomes in the Americas is crucial for supporting mosquito surveillance efforts and clinical diagnosis.The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain, located at the carboxy terminus of nonstructural protein 5 (NS5), is the most conserved coding region in the Flavivirus genomes (15,16,23). The consensus sequence primers (primers FU1 and CFD2; YFV genomic positions, nucleotide [nt] 8997 and nt 9233, respectively) have been used in our previous study for genetic characterization of this domain for all registered flaviviruses (16). The nucleotide sequences flanked by these two primers were variable...

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Isolation of West Nile Virus from Mosquitoes, Crows, and a Cooper's Hawk in Connecticut

Cited by 309 publications

References 15 publications

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Host Feeding Patterns ofCulexMosquitoes and West Nile Virus Transmission, Northeastern United States

Development of Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detecting Eight Medically Important Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes

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