Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from Atlantic herring Clupea harengus from the English Channel

Dixon, Peter; Feist, Stephen W.; Kehoe, E.; Parry, Lee; Stone, David M.; Way, K.

doi:10.3354/dao030081

Cited by 78 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…VHSV was isolated from 132 samples consisting of 850 fish and representing 8 species (Table 1) Table 2. VHSV has been reported in Atlantic herring (Dixon et al 1997, Mortensen et al 1999, King et al 2001b, sprat (Mortensen et al 1999) and Atlantic cod (Jensen et al 1979, Jørgensen & Olesen 1987, Mortensen et al 1999, Smail 2000, King et al 2001b. This is the first report describing the isolation of VHSV in dab, flounder and plaice, all belonging to the flatfish family Pleuronectidae (some isolates have been used in infection trials and results were published in Skall et al 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the first isolation from marine fish of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in 1979 (Jensen et al 1979, Jørgensen & Olesen 1987, VHSV has been isolated from an increasing number of marine fish species all over the northern hemisphere (Meyers & Winton 1995, Traxler et al 1995, Dixon et al 1997, Kent et al 1998, Mortensen et al 1999, Smail 2000, Takano et al 2000, Cox & Hedrick 2001, King et al 2001b, Kocan et al 2001, Brudeseth & Evensen 2002, Dopazo et al 2002, Olivier 2002, Watanabe et al 2002, Kim et al 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species

Skall¹,

Olesen²,

Mellergaard³

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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In order to analyse the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the marine waters around Denmark, staff from the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research participated in 5 research cruises during 1998 to 2002 as a follow-up to 4 research cruises performed in 1996 to 1997. In total, 16 655 fish were examined virologically as 3569 samples. Forty fish species and 3 invertebrate species were represented. VHSV was isolated from 133 samples representing 8 species: herring Clupea harengus, sprat Sprattus sprattus, dab Limanda limanda, flounder Platichthys flesus, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, cod Gadus morhua, sand eel Ammodytes sp. and sand goby Pomatochistus minutus. Calculations showed that VHSV was more prevalent in the Baltic Sea in an area between Zealand and the island of Bornholm and the waters surrounding Bornholm than in the Kattegat, Skagerrak and along the North Sea coast of Denmark. This is the first report on the isolation of VHSV from dab, flounder and plaice and the first publication on VHSV from sand eel from Europe and sand goby. MATERIALS AND METHODSFishing was performed as demersal trawling with a duration of between 15 min and 1 h, in the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, the Bay of Århus and the Baltic Sea (Fig. 1). The cruises took place in April/May (Dana cruises 5, 6 and 8), in November (Havfisken cruise for 1 d) and in February (Dana cruise 7), between 1998 and 2002. The sampling and virological examination were performed as reported previously (Mortensen et al. 1999, Skall et al. 2000. In brief, the samples consisted of tissue from either 1 fish or pooled material of up to 10 fish of the same species. The samples were frozen on board the ship (except for the 1 d cruise) and kept frozen until further examination. The samples were inoculated on BF-2 cells (Wolf et al. 1966) and positive samples were identified by development of cytopathic effect (CPE), with subsequent confirmation of VHSV by ELISA.VHSV prevalence (p) and the 95% confidence interval (CI 95% ) were calculated for herring, sprat, cod, dab, flounder and sand goby, based on randomly selected fish sampled in pools of 5 or 10 fish, comprising at least 30 fish in all. The following formulae were used: Estimated proportion of positive fish: p = 1 -(1 -P) 1/C . Proportion of positive pools: P = S /R, where S is the number of positive pools, R is the total number of pools and C is the number of fish in each pool (Kline et al. 1989); where P L and P U are the lower and upper limit for P, respectively. Substitute these limits for p in the equation to obtain limits for p (p L , p U ) (Hauck 1991). If S Ӎ 0, substitute E P U = 1 -0.05 1/R for p in the equation to obtain limits for p (p U ), where E P U is the exact limit for P. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn total, 16 655 fish were examined virologically in 3569 samples, representing 40 fish species and 3 invertebrate species. VHSV was isolated from 132 samples consisting of 850 fish and representing 8 species (Table 1) Table 2. VHSV has been reported in At...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species

Skall¹,

Olesen²,

Mellergaard³

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Untreated, labeled cells showed nuclear RNA staining, with strong puncta representing rRNA synthesis. ␣-Amanitin, which inhibits predominantly RNAP II-mediated transcription at the dose used (43), showed strongly suppressed nuclear labeling, albeit with residual rRNA nucleolar staining (Fig. 4A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Matrix (M) Protein in Suppressing Host Transcription

Qin

Weaver

Pore

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a pathogenic fish rhabdovirus found in discrete locales throughout the Northern Hemisphere. VHSV infection of fish cells leads to upregulation of the host's virus detection response, but the virus quickly suppresses interferon (IFN) production and antiviral gene expression. By systematically screening each of the six VHSV structural and nonstructural genes, we identified matrix protein (M) as the virus' most potent antihost protein. Only M of VHSV genotype IV sublineage b (VHSV-IVb) suppressed mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and type I IFN-induced gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. M also suppressed the constitutively active simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter and globally decreased cellular RNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies illustrated that M inhibited RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) recruitment to gene promoters and decreased RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) Ser2 phosphorylation during VHSV infection. However, transcription directed by RNAP I to III was suppressed by M. To identify regions of functional importance, M proteins from a variety of VHSV strains were tested in cell-based transcriptional inhibition assays. M of a particular VHSV-Ia strain, F1, was significantly less potent than IVb M at inhibiting SV40/ luciferase (Luc) expression yet differed by just 4 amino acids. Mutation of D62 to alanine alone, or in combination with an E181-to-alanine mutation (D62A E181A), dramatically reduced the ability of IVb M to suppress host transcription. Introducing either M D62A or D62A E181A mutations into VHSV-IVb via reverse genetics resulted in viruses that replicated efficiently but exhibited less cytotoxicity and reduced antitranscriptional activities, implicating M as a primary regulator of cytopathicity and host transcriptional suppression.IMPORTANCE Viruses must suppress host antiviral responses to replicate and spread between hosts. In these studies, we identified the matrix protein of the deadly fish novirhabdovirus VHSV as a critical mediator of host suppression during infection. Our studies indicated that M alone could block cellular gene expression at very low expression levels. We identified several subtle mutations in M that were less potent at suppressing host transcription. When these mutations were engineered back into recombinant viruses, the resulting viruses replicated well but elicited less toxicity in infected cells and activated host innate immune responses more robustly. These data demonstrated that VHSV M plays an important role in mediating both virusinduced cell toxicity and viral replication. Our data suggest that its roles in these two processes can be separated to design effective attenuated viruses for vaccine candidates.

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“…Subsequent isolations in other marine fish were soon reported in Europe (Dixon et al 1997, Mortensen et al 1999, Smail 2000 and North America (Meyers et al 1992, Traxler et al 1995, Benmansour et al 1997, Hedrick et al 2003. VHSV was later isolated in water around Japan (Byon et al 2006) and Korea (Kim et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative susceptibility of representative Great Lakes fish species to the North American viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus Sublineage IVb

Kim¹,

Faisal²

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The present study compared the susceptibility of representative Laurentian Great Lakes fish species to the emerging viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) Genotype IVb. The median lethal dose of infection by intraperitoneal injection (IP-LD 50 ) was obtained from fish that were experimentally infected with the MI03 index strain of VHSV-IVb. Fish were injected at doses ranging from 7 × 10 7 to 7 × 10 -2 plaque-forming units (pfu) and maintained at 12 ± 1°C. The infection trials identified species of high, medium, and low susceptibility based on the IP-LD 50 values. Pathogenicity of VHSV-IVb was highest in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, which resulted in an IP-LD 50 of 1.5 × 10 2 pfu, while also demonstrating the clinical diathesis of VHSV-infected fish. The virus was moderately pathogenic in yellow perch Perca flavescens (IP-LD 50 of 2.5 × 10 5 pfu), but also showed the classical signs of VHSV infection. Salmonids were the least susceptible to VHSV-IVb with IP-LD 50 values of no less than 1.4 × 10 6 pfu; however, in fish that succumbed to infection, characteristic VHSV lesions were observed. Histopathologic alterations were most profound in gill, skin, muscle, gonads, and liver of largemouth bass and yellow perch, while in salmonids, hemorrhages in the swimbladder and/or degenerative changes in the liver were the most common lesions noticed. VHSV was isolated from infected fish, and its identity was confirmed by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. These results highlight the variations among fish species susceptibility to this emerging strain of VHSV and offer insights into the potential impact of VHSV-IVb on the Laurentian Great Lakes fish community.

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Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from Atlantic herring Clupea harengus from the English Channel

Cited by 78 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species

Prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species

Role of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Matrix (M) Protein in Suppressing Host Transcription

Comparative susceptibility of representative Great Lakes fish species to the North American viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus Sublineage IVb

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