Isolation of Twenty-Three Yucaipa-Like Viruses from 616 Wild Birds in Senegal, West Africa

Comparative study on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of wild bird isolates of avian paramyxovirus 2, 4, and 6 in chickens.

“…Since then numerous strains of this serotype have been isolated from several avian species, signifying that APMV 2 is widely disseminated worldwide (Lang et al, 1975;Bradshaw & Jensen, 1979;Fleury & Alexander, 1979;Lipkind et al, 1979Lipkind et al, , 1982Andral & Toquin, 1984;Goodman & Hanson, 1988;Zhang et al, 2006). Bankowski et al (1981) reported that natural, as well as artificial, exposure of laying turkey hens to APMV 2 caused a pronounced decline in hatchability and poult yield.…”

Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences for the HN gene of 22 avian paramyxovirus type 2 viruses reveals marked heterogeneity

“…Since then, numerous viruses antigenically grouped with ck/Yucaipa/56 have been isolated worldwide from domestic poultry, captive caged birds and wild birds (Alexander & Senne, 2008). Since the early 1970s, testing of wild captured caged birds in quarantine has frequently resulted in the isolation of APMV-2 viruses, primarily from passerine species but also from psittacine species (Senne et al, 1983;Alexander, 1993Alexander, , 2000, and these results plus isolations from wild passerine species sampled at the time of trapping (Fleury & Alexander, 1979;Tumova et al, 1979, Lipkind et al, 1982, 1995Goodman & Hanson, 1988;Racnik et al, 2008) suggest these birds may represent reservoir species for APMV-2 viruses. APMV-2 infections have been reported in chickens in the USA, Canada, Russia, Japan, Israel, India, Saudi Arabia and Costa Rica, and turkeys in the USA, Canada, Israel, France and Italy (Alexander, 2000).…”

Complete sequence of the genome of avian paramyxovirus type 2 (strain Yucaipa) and comparison with other paramyxoviruses

“…Since then many APMV-2 strains have been isolated from chickens, turkeys and feral birds across the globe (Alexander et al, 1982;Asahara et al, 1973;Collings et al, 1975;Fleury et al, 1979;Goodman et al, 1988;Lang et al, 1975;Lipkind et al, 1979;Lipkind et al, 1982;Mbugua et al, 1985;Nymadawa et al, 1977;Shihmanter et al, 1997;Weisman et al, 1984;Zhang et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2007). Serological survey of chickens and turkeys has shown a wide prevalence of APMV-2 in the United States.…”