Isolation of sporopollenin from four myxobacteria

Strohl, William R.; Larkin, John M.; Good, Barry H.; Chapman, Russell L.

doi:10.1139/m77-162

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…All the tested Chlorella lacking secondary carotenoids showed no TLS and no sporopollenin-like products. A similar threeway correlation was also noted for some bacteria (38) and fungi (14,15).…”

Section: Ultrastructure W J U O R E S C E N C Esupporting

confidence: 79%

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OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

Puel¹,

Largeau

Giraud

1987

Journal of Phycology

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The occurrence of a resistant bzopoljmer termed P R P (Poljmdre Rgszstant de Prototheca), was demonstrated in the trzlamznar outer walls (TLS) of Prototheca wickerhamii Soneda and Tubakz. P R P zs located zn the two electron-dense zones of the TLS and accounts f o r ca. 0.3% of the total algal biomass. Several features of PRP (reszstance to non-oxzdatzue treatments, znsolubzlit) zn dzoxane, mode of deposztzon, LV puorescence) were prevzousl) obsertled both zn sporopolleiiiiis and zn the resistant bzopoljmer of Botryococcus braunii outer walls. Houlever, elemental composztion and I R spectra revealed ver) important structural differences betuwen the latter materzal and P R P Similar elemental composztaons, but substa ntzal differences in I R spectra, uere noted between PRP and classzcal sporopollenzns. P R P 2s probabl) derzwd f r o m the polynerzzatzon of terpenzc unzts; but, taking into account the spectroscopzc obsen!ations, these monomeric units are not carotenozds The presence of PRP zn the outer ualls of P. wickerhamii ma) be related to the drug and llsosome reszstance of thzs parasztzc speczes.Key zndex words: Botryococcus braunii resistant bzopolymer, chemical structure; elemental composztzon; znfrared spectra; Prototheca wickerhamii; reszstant bzo-6:987-1018. ABSTRACTGrazing of freshwater Rhodophjta was examined f r o m three perspectiues: observation of algal fragments i n gut contents of herbivores collected from streams with populations of red algae, measurement of ingestion rates of three inuertebrates in single diet and choice experiments ' Accepted: 10 rlugust I987.* Address for reprint requests. and analjsis of potential food tlalue of the rhodophjtes b j determining protein, carbohjdrate, lipid and estimated caloric contents. The algal thallu5 forms studied were Audouinella violacea (Kutz.) Hamel, which consists of simple $laments growing i n dense tufts, Batrachospermum virgatum (Kutz.) Sirod., which is a densely branched inucilaginousfilament, and Tuomeya americana (Ham.) Papenfuss, whach is a branched cartilaginous pseudoparenchjma. The thirteen invertebrate taxa containingpieces of one or more of these algae in their guts included two 656

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Section: Ultrastructure W J U O R E S C E N C Esupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Fluorescence under UV illumination can be observed both from sporopollenins (13, 19,38,42,43) and PRB (4, 2 1, 22). This fluorescence was detected both after treatment with primuline (secondary fluorescence) and from untreated samples (auto-fluorescence).…”

Section: W Fluorescencementioning

confidence: 99%

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

Puel¹,

Largeau

Giraud

1987

Journal of Phycology

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“…, 1988; Delwiche et al. , 1989; Ueno, 2009), in fruiting bodies of the cellular slime molds (Maeda, 1984), and in several myxobacteria species (Strohl et al. , 1977), as well as in land plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PpASCL, a moss ortholog of anther‐specific chalcone synthase‐like enzymes, is a hydroxyalkylpyrone synthase involved in an evolutionarily conserved sporopollenin biosynthesis pathway

et al. 2011

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Summary• Sporopollenin is the main constituent of the exine layer of spore and pollen walls. Recently, several Arabidopsis genes, including polyketide synthase A (PKSA), which encodes an anther-specific chalcone synthase-like enzyme (ASCL), have been shown to be involved in sporopollenin biosynthesis. The genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens contains putative orthologs of the Arabidopsis sporopollenin biosynthesis genes.• We analyzed available P. patens expressed sequence tag (EST) data for putative moss orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes of sporopollenin biosynthesis and studied the enzymatic properties and reaction mechanism of recombinant PpASCL, the P. patens ortholog of Arabidopsis PKSA. We also generated structure models of PpASCL and Arabidopsis PKSA to study their substrate specificity.• Physcomitrella patens orthologs of Arabidopsis genes for sporopollenin biosynthesis were found to be expressed in the sporophyte generation. Similarly to Arabidopsis PKSA, PpASCL condenses hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA esters with malonyl-CoA and produces hydroxyalkyl a-pyrones that probably serve as building blocks of sporopollenin. The ASCL-specific set of Gly-Gly-Ala residues predicted by the models to be located at the floor of the putative active site is proposed to serve as the opening of an acyl-binding tunnel in ASCL.• These results suggest that ASCL functions together with other sporophytespecific enzymes to provide polyhydroxylated precursors of sporopollenin in a pathway common to land plants.

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“…• The concomitant presence, or absence, of resistant wall macromolecules and of oxygenated carotenoids was noted in numerous algae, bacteria, and fungi (Atkinson et al, 1972;Gooday et al, 1973;Strohl et al, 1977;Burczyk and Hesse, 1981;Burczyk, 1987). However, the presence of resistant wall material was also demonstrated both in carotenoid-deficient mutants of fungal spores (Gooday et al, 1974) and in the apochlorotic alga Prototheca wickerhamii, in which not even traces of carotenoids or carotenoid precursors occur (Puel et a1., 1987).…”

Section: Sporopolleninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation

Leeuw

Largeau

1993

Topics in Geobiology

280

164

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Isolation of sporopollenin from four myxobacteria

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

PpASCL, a moss ortholog of anther‐specific chalcone synthase‐like enzymes, is a hydroxyalkylpyrone synthase involved in an evolutionarily conserved sporopollenin biosynthesis pathway

A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation

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Isolation of sporopollenin from four myxobacteria

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES1

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES1

PpASCL, a moss ortholog of anther‐specific chalcone synthase‐like enzymes, is a hydroxyalkylpyrone synthase involved in an evolutionarily conserved sporopollenin biosynthesis pathway

A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation

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OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹