Isolation of Rare Earth Elements.  Chlorination-Volatilization Procedure

Zimmerman, John B.; Ingles, J C

doi:10.1021/ac60158a031

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…minutes, and the constant k 0 is in min Ϫ1 m 0.7 kPa Ϫ0. 6 REPO 4 ϩ 3C ϩ 3Cl 2 → RECl 3 ϩ POCl 3 ϩ 3CO [7] F. Reaction Mechanism of Xenotime with CCl 4 ϩ N 2 REPO 4 ϩ3/2Cϩ3Cl 2 →RECl 3 ϩPOCl 3 ϩ3/2CO [8] Unfortunately, there are not many reports dealing with chlorination of rare earth elements, even their ores, [12][13][14][15][16][17] REPO 4 ϩ 3Cl 2 → RECl 3 ϩ POCl 3 ϩ 3/2 O 2 [9] and most of them concern the reaction with chlorine and carbon. Moreover, as far we know, not many efforts have 2C ϩ O 2 → 2CO…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17] Hartley and Wylie [12] reported the preparation of C ϩ O 2 → CO 2 [11] lanthanide chlorides by reacting chlorine with monazite ore at temperatures above 973 K, using carbon and carbon mon-2CO ϩ O 2 → 2CO 2 [12] oxide as reducing agents. They also investigated the influence of particle size, gas flow rate, temperature, and carbon…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

Augusto

Oliveira

2001

Metall Mater Trans B

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Among the rare earth minerals, fluorides, phosphates, and oxides have received attention from the rare earth industry. Traditional methods of decomposition of these minerals, usually alkaline or acid processes, involve several operations. Another possibility to obtain lanthanide chlorides or oxychlorides is reacting the mineral with chlorinating agents, such as gaseous chlorine, hydrogen chloride, thionyl chloride, and carbon tetrachloride, reducing the operation costs and making the process less complicated. In this context, we investigated the decomposition of xenotime using carbon tetrachloride at temperatures from 873 to 1173 K and kinetic and mechanistic studies have been performed. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, ultra-violet/ visible spectroscopy, and thermal analysis techniques were used in this study. The results showed that the reaction follows the shrinking-unreacted-core model with formation of a product layer (lanthanide oxychloride), confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Moreover, microstructural changes of xenotime grains during the chlorination reaction were verified.

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Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

Augusto

Oliveira

2001

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Commonly reported lanthanide and actinide chlorination pathways for trichloride formation are often conducted under high temperature environments and include the use of hydrochloric acid or chlorine gas as the chlorinating agent, where oxides, sesquioxides, and hydrides have been utilized as reactants. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Additionally, chlorination via molten salt mixtures, including LiCl-KCl, NaCl-CaCl 2 , and metallic U, has been widely reported and includes chlorinating agents such as BiCl 3 , 16 CdCl 2 , 17 CuCl 2 , 18 FeCl x , 19 NH 4 Cl, 20 and ZnCl 2 . 21,22 UCl 3 synthesis can additionally be accomplished via hydrogen reduction of the tetrachloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ synthesis of PuCl₃ and corresponding Raman and density functional theory vibrational modes

Hanson,

Hubley,

Atta‐Fynn

et al. 2023

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The experimental and calculated Raman spectrum of PuCl3 has been reported for the first time. PuCl3 is a primary species found in plutonium metal refinement, specifically in pyrochemical salt processes including multicycle direct oxide reduction, metal chlorination, and electrorefining. As such, Raman signatures of PuCl3 could serve as potential forensic indicators of material process history. A novel technique for synthesizing PuCl3 from the in situ chlorination of plutonium metal with HCl was developed to establish these signatures. Cerium metal surrogates were utilized to ensure optimization of the plutonium experiments and to minimize personnel exposure, and all experiments were carried out in a Raman reaction chamber designed for air‐tight, high vacuum environments. In situ Raman spectroscopy was employed in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the vibrational modes of PuCl3. Associated mixed oxy and hydroxyl phases are also reported. The combined Raman and DFT results have eliminated inconsistencies in Raman mode assignments for the MX3 family of metal chlorides having P63/m symmetry, and IR modes derived from the DFT calculations are additionally presented. The data observed in this study are of potential interest to nuclear forensic analyses, nuclear sample aging, nuclear energy, plutonium processing, and stockpile stewardship.

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“…Lindner and Johnson (700) have adsorbed radioactive rare earths from nitrate melts on alumina and Pyrex glass. Zimmerman and Ingles (1241) have isolated some of the rare earths by a chlorination and volatilization procedure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nucleonics

Leddicotte¹

1962

Anal. Chem.

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Isolation of Rare Earth Elements. Chlorination-Volatilization Procedure

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

In situ synthesis of PuCl₃ and corresponding Raman and density functional theory vibrational modes

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Isolation of Rare Earth Elements. Chlorination-Volatilization Procedure

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

Kinetics of chlorination and microstructural changes of xenotime by carbon tetrachloride

In situ synthesis of PuCl3 and corresponding Raman and density functional theory vibrational modes

Nucleonics

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In situ synthesis of PuCl₃ and corresponding Raman and density functional theory vibrational modes