Isolation of Poliomyelitic Virus from Human Stools.

Following oral administration of Coxsackie viruses (C viruses) to susceptible chimpanzees, these agents can be isolated from the throat for a period of approximately a week, from the blood for a few days, and from the stools for 2 to 3 weeks or even longer. Animals so infected respond with the formation of specific neutralizing antibodies which are maintained for at least 1 to 2 years. Such chimpanzees are immune when challenged orally with homologous strains of virus. They then excrete virus in the stools for 3 or 4 days (passive transfer); no virus can be recovered from the throats and blood of these animals, and neutralizing antibody levels remain unchanged. Animals immune to one antigenic type of C virus can be infected by feeding a different antigenic type. Following such a heterotypic challenge, virus can again be isolated from the throat, blood, and stools; neutralizing antibodies develop to the new strain. Antibodies to the Texas-1 type of C virus were already present in four chimpanzees upon their arrival in the laboratory from Africa. It was possible to set up intestinal carriage of the Texas-1 virus in these animals and to demonstrate a 10- to 100-fold increase in titer of neutralizing, as well as complement-fixing, antibody. Quantitative titrations of the amount of virus present in the stools and throat were performed. Immediately after the first feeding of virus relatively large amounts can be detected in the stools; the titer drops, but may be maintained for as long as 25 days at 10–2 to 10–3, furnishing evidence that virus multiplication has taken place. Virus in the throat reached the same order of magnitude at first as in the stools but there was a rapid decline to zero in a few days. The Ohio-1 virus differed from the others in that it persisted in the throat as long as in the stools, and in several instances reached a higher titer in the throat. Following homotypic challenge with all types, virus could be detected in the stools for only a relatively short period of time and at low concentration. Virus-neutralizing substances could not be detected in the stools or throat swabs of convalescent animals, at a time when their serum-neutralizing antibody titers were high. Under the limited conditions of the present experiments, C viruses had no effect on the infection of chimpanzees with three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus. Both poliomyelitis and C viruses set up independent infections without apparent interaction between them. No enhancement of the poliomyelitis infection took place, as was plain from the fact that none of the infected chimpanzees became paralyzed. a titration of Texas-1 C virus in four chimpanzees revealed that a suspension of infected tissue diluted to 106.0 could cause the development of the carrier state; accidental infection of control animals with other Coxsackie types indicated also that very little virus may be necessary to initiate infection. Seven distinct antigenic types of C virus were inoculated subcutaneously and intramuscularly at the same time into four chimpanzees. The response was the same as that following feeding; virus could be recovered from the throat, blood, and stools, and the animals developed neutralizing antibodies to all seven types of C virus. There was no detectable interference among the viruses. Cortisone did not bring about the reappearance of the virus excretion in chimpanzees previously infected and shown to be intestinal carriers of poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses.

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“…Stools of patient with non-paralytic poliomyelitis, Corm., 1937 (11). Flies collected during poliomyelitis epidemic, Texas, 1948 (12).…”

Section: Poliomyelitis Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Studies of the Virus-Host Relationship in Chimpanzees After Inapparent Infection With Coxsackie Viruses

Melnick

Kaplan

1953

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…This finding has been confirmed, particularly in the last few years, by many observers (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) and considerable pertinent information has been accumulated. Kling (5) and others, including ourselves (6), believe the frequency of the detection of virus in stools has been twice as great as in washings from the nasopharynx. The virus has been found in the stools of convalescents for as long as 25 days (6) and 123 days (9) after mild abortive poliomyelitis.…”

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confidence: 66%

“…Kling (5) and others, including ourselves (6), believe the frequency of the detection of virus in stools has been twice as great as in washings from the nasopharynx. The virus has been found in the stools of convalescents for as long as 25 days (6) and 123 days (9) after mild abortive poliomyelitis. Virus has also been detected in stools of healthy human contacts who remained well throughout their period of exposure (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Furthermore the virus is relatively stable in feces. Thus it was active after 75 days in a stool kept in the refrigerator (6) and was active in two specimens which had spent 16 days in transatlantic mails without precautions as to temperature (16). The intranasal instillation of watery suspensions of poliomyelitic feces has produced the experimental disease in monkeys and this seems to exemplify a remarkably simple technique (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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I. Poliomyelitic Virus in Human Stools

Trask

Paul

Vignec

1940

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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1. The detection of the virus of poliomyelitis in 10 stools from 8 individuals is reported. All were in relation to epidemic poliomyelitis and 7 of them represented well recognized forms of the disease. The positive stools were distributed among 56 specimens collected from 53 persons in the first 4 weeks of illness. 2. The ease of detection of virus was directly related to the non-paralytic type of disease and inversely related to the age of the patients. 3. The negative results with stools employed for controls gives point to the use of the fecal examinations as an epidemiological tool. 4. The stability of the virus in feces has been demonstrated by successful mailing of samples over long distances and during the heat of summer. 5. At least one infective dose per gram of fecal material was extracted from one stool.

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“…Stools.--Stools were treated for injection both by the etherization method of Trask, Vignec, and Paul (1) and by the intranasal instillation method of Howe and Bodian (2). A high mortality rate followed intracerebral injections and these were discontinued early in the work.…”

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confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Poliomyelitis Virus in Autopsies, Patients, and Contacts

Kessel

Moore

Stimpert

et al. 1941

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Attempts have been made in the studies on poliomyelitis conducted in this laboratory in recent years, to recover virus from autopsies, from patients, and from contacts. I n the earlier work efforts were concentrated on isolation of virus from cord and medulla of human autopsies and cerebrospinal fluid and nasal washings of patients. During the last 2 years other tissues, colon contents, and urine of autopsies and stools of patients and contacts also have been studied. The present report summarizes this work from the time of its beginning in July, 1934, to the close of last season, December, 1940. Materials and MethodsTissue.--The tissues listed in Table I were collected from autopsies under aseptic conditions and preserved in sterile 50 per cent glycerol, with buffered saline at 4°C. They were prepared for injection by grinding in a sterile mortar, then adding buffered saline to make a 10 per cent suspension. The suspension was centrifuged and 1 cc. of the supernatant fluid was injected intracerebrally and 3 cc. intraperitoneally, usually into Macacus mulatta. In a few instances M. irus was used, and appeared to be just as susceptible as M. raulatta.Cerebrospinal Fluid.--Several methods were employed in inoculating spinal fluids.Individual fluids were injected into monkeys either by the intracerebral or intrathecat route, while a simultaneous intraperitoneal inoculation was made with fluids that were in excess. In certain instances the fluids were pooled before injection. Swiss mice also were injected with the same fluids in an attempt to recover other neurotropic viruses.Nasal Washings.--Nasal washings were treated in the following several ways before injection: 1. Treated with 0.5 per cent phenol to destroy the bacteria, following either centrifugation or vacuum distillation.2. Filtered through Berkefeld V filters. 3. Placed in 50 per cent glycerol with saline an d kept in the ice box at 4°C. for 3 days.

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Isolation of Poliomyelitic Virus from Human Stools.

Cited by 21 publications

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Quantitative Studies of the Virus-Host Relationship in Chimpanzees After Inapparent Infection With Coxsackie Viruses

Quantitative Studies of the Virus-Host Relationship in Chimpanzees After Inapparent Infection With Coxsackie Viruses

I. Poliomyelitic Virus in Human Stools

Occurrence of Poliomyelitis Virus in Autopsies, Patients, and Contacts

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