“…Since 2003, the endemic spread of these bacteria has been reported in countries such as Turkey, Morocco, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, and India ( Nordmann and Poirel, 2014 ; Figure 4 ). The sporadic spread has been reported in France ( Liapis et al, 2014 ; Semin-Pelletier et al, 2015 ), Spain ( Oteo et al, 2013b ; Pena et al, 2014 ), Italy ( Giani et al, 2013 , 2014 ), Belgium ( Cuzon et al, 2008 ; Huang et al, 2013 ), the Netherlands ( Kalpoe et al, 2011 ; Dautzenberg et al, 2014 ), the UK ( Dimou et al, 2012 ; Thomas et al, 2013 ), Germany ( Pfeifer et al, 2012 ; Kola et al, 2015 ), Switzerland ( Potron et al, 2012 ; Seiffert et al, 2014 ), Argentina ( Poirel et al, 2011c ; Lascols et al, 2013 ), Lebanon ( Beyrouthy et al, 2014 ), Israel ( Adler et al, 2013 , 2015 ), Kuwait ( Poirel et al, 2012a ; Zowawi et al, 2014 ), Saudi Arabia ( Shibl et al, 2013 ; Liu et al, 2015 ), and Japan ( Nagano et al, 2013 ; Hashimoto et al, 2014 ). The prevalence of OXA-48 carbapenemases among carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in Spain and France was particularly high (74 and 78%, respectively; Robert et al, 2014 ; Palacios-Baena et al, 2016 ).…”