“…The concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and glucose were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (Prostar; Varian, Palo Alto, CA, United States) equipped with a packed column (Metacarb 87H; MetaChem Technologies, Torrance, CA, United States) and refractive index detector (RI-27; Shodex, Japan). The mobile phase consisted of 0.01 N H 2 SO 4 ( Im et al, 2019 ; Chun and Sang, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2020 ). The concentrations of acetone, butanol, and ethanol were determined using a gas chromatography system (Agilent 7890; Agilent Technologies, California, United States) equipped with a packed column (80/120 Carbopack BAW glass column; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, United States) and flame ionization detector ( Jang et al, 2012 ; Baek et al, 2019 ).…”