Isolation of Newcastle Disease Viruses of High Virulence in Unvaccinated Healthy Village Chickens in South India

Ananth, R.V.A.; Kirubaharan, J. John; Priyadarshini, Manasi; Albert, A.

doi:10.3923/ijps.2008.368.373

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…repair. Maximum upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic gene was observed in spleen of chicken infected by a velogenic AAvV-1, while minimal upregulation was observed by lentogenic isolates (Liu et al, 2012;Rajasekaran et al, 2018) Previous studies reported isolation of virulent NDV from healthy village chicken (Ananth et al, 2008;Munir et al, 2012). In this study, for the first time, we confirm circulation of virulent AAvV-1 in apparently healthy emu birds.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

Deepthi¹,

Ratnamma²,

Pushpa³

et al. 2021

IJAR

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Background: Newcastle disease caused by Avian avulavirus type 1 (AAvV-1) is one of the dreadful diseases affecting poultry and other avian species. Wild birds and several domestic birds are recognized as reservoirs of AAvV-1 and probably contribute to the epidemiology of ND in the domesticated poultry. Hence, efforts have been made to understand the virulence and genetic nature of AAvV-1 isolates obtained from apparently healthy Emu birds.Methods: This study details characterization of a velogenic Emu/5 AAvV-1 isolate obtained from an asymptomatic emu flock. Full- length fusion gene was amplified and subsequent phylogenetic analysis was performed. Experimental inoculation of 3-week old chicken with the isolate resulted in virulent ND. Expression of cytokine mRNA levels in spleen of infected chicken at different time points correlated well with the clinical picture, gross and histopathological lesions.Result: To our knowledge this is the first evidence for the role of apparently healthy emu bird acting as a reservoir of velogenic AAvV-1 of subgenotype XIII 2.2 which proved to be highly virulent to chicken. This study further highlights the role of reservoir birds in AAvV-1 transmission and the need for adopting most realistic strategies in counteracting the disease.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

Deepthi¹,

Ratnamma²,

Pushpa³

et al. 2021

IJAR

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“…The disease in India is present in endemic form with frequent outbreaks in commercial poultry. Besides commercial poultry, the disease also affects the backyard poultry and it remains as a constant threat [ 24 ]. A very high seroprevalence (83%) of NDV has been reported from India [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry during 2009-2011 in the West Bengal State, India

Pawar

Kale

Rawankar

et al. 2012

Virol J

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IntroductionMore than 70 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 have been reported in poultry in the western and north-eastern parts of India. Therefore, in view of the recent HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry, active AI surveillance encompassing wild, resident, migratory birds and poultry was undertaken during 2009–2011 in the State of West Bengal.MethodsA total of 5722 samples were collected from West Bengal; 3522 samples (2906 fecal droppings + 616 other environmental samples) were from migratory birds and 2200 samples [1604 tracheal, cloacal swabs, environmental samples, tissue samples + 596 blood (serum)] were from domestic ducks and poultry. All tracheal, cloacal and environmental samples were processed for virus isolation. Virus isolates were detected using hemagglutination assay and identified using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial region of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes was done. Intravenous pathogenicity index assays were performed in chickens to assess pathogenicity of AI virus isolates. Serum samples were tested for detection of antibodies against AI viruses using HI assay.ResultsA total of 57 AI H9N2, 15 AI H4N6 and 15 Newcastle Disease (NDV) viruses were isolated from chickens, from both backyard and wet poultry markets; AI H4N6 viruses were isolated from backyard chickens and domestic ducks. Characterization of AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses revealed that they were of low pathogenicity. Domestic ducks were positive for antibodies against H5 and H7 viruses while chickens were positive for presence of antibodies against AI H9N2 and NDV.ConclusionsIn the current scenario of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in West Bengal, this report shows presence of low pathogenic AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses in chickens and domestic ducks during the period 2009–2011. This is the first report of isolation of H4N6 from India. Antibodies against AI H5 and H7 in ducks highlight the probable role of domestic ducks in the transmission of AI viruses. Human infections of H9N2 have been reported from China and Hong Kong. This necessitates implementation of prevention and control measures to limit the spread of AI viruses.

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“…Since its first outbreak in Ranikhet and Chennai between 1928and 1930(Kylasam Aier, 1930, ND has become enzootic in India with regular outbreaks despite vaccination. NDV, being a stable virus compared to other poultry viruses, they remain for a long time in the environment posing threat to poultry round the year (Ananth et al 2008;Jordan, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pro-inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic gene mRNA levels against lentogenic and velogenic Newcastle disease virus pathotypes in in-vivo and in-vitro biological systems

Rajasekaran¹,

Kirubaharan²,

Vidhya³

et al. 2018

IJAR

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Knowledge on the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic gene mRNA levels in the pathogenesis of Indian field isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is little. In this study, cytokine mRNA levels were elucidated in spleen of chickens (in-vivo) and chicken embryo fibroblast cells (in-vitro) infected with lentogenic D58 strain and viscerotropic velogenic D165 isolate until five days post infection (dpi). In spleen of chickens infected with D165, maximum upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a), chemokine (IL-8) and apoptotic gene (Caspase-8) at 3dpi correlated with the onset of severe clinical signs and necrotic histopathological lesions in spleen, proventriculus, intestine and caecal tonsil of chickens. Similarly, in CEF cells infected with D165, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic gene mRNA levels correlated with the appearance of CPE. In spleen of chickens and CEF cells infected with D58, there was comparatively minimal upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic gene mRNA levels which did not cause histopathological changes in tissues and CPE formation in CEF cells. In both in-vivo and in-vitro systems, upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed inhibitory effects on the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study reports variation in the cytokine mRNA levels elucidated in response to two different pathotypes isolated from India and associates the same with the clinical signs and pathological lesions produced during the course of ND.

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Isolation of Newcastle Disease Viruses of High Virulence in Unvaccinated Healthy Village Chickens in South India

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

Avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry during 2009-2011 in the West Bengal State, India

Pro-inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic gene mRNA levels against lentogenic and velogenic Newcastle disease virus pathotypes in in-vivo and in-vitro biological systems

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