Isolation of Newcastle Disease and Type-A Influenza Viruses from Migratory Waterfowl in the Atlantic Flyway

Evidence of avian metapneumovirus subtype C infection of wild birds in Georgia, South Carolina, Arkansas and Ohio, USA

“…A key component to the wild bird transmission hypothesis is the idea that wild birds are able to carry the virus from one area to another. This has been reported with other respiratory viruses that affect poultry, for example Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus (Rosenberger et al, 1974;Slemons et al, 1974). Therefore, it is critical to determine whether wild birds outside the aMPV-infected turkey areas harbour aMPV.…”

“…The sudden emergence and sporadic occurrence of aMPV disease in the USA has lead to speculation that wild birds may be involved in viral spread. Wild birds are an important reservoir for other avian viruses including avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses (Rosenberger et al, 1974;Slemons et al, 1974). In an attempt to examine the possible involvement of wild birds as a reservoir, research until now has focused on virus recovery from wild birds captured in Minnesota.…”

Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) as potential reservoirs for avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses

“…Several studies have reported negative results for IAV detection in wood ducks, but most of these studies included fewer than 60 individuals (Rosenberger et al, 1974;Bahl et al, 1975;Webster et al, 1976;Kocan et al, 1979;Nettles et al, 1985;Hinshaw et al, 1986;Slemons et al, 1991). Three studies have attempted to isolate virus from more than 100 wood ducks, and two of these studies reported a low prevalence (less than 2.5%) of viral shedding compared to other dabbling duck species Goekjian et al, 2011;Wilcox et al, 2011).…”

Avian Influenza Surveillance in Hunter-harvested Waterfowl from the Gulf Coast of Texas (November 2005–January 2006)

“…Cloacal swabs were collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl collected during the [2005][2006] (Rosenberger et al, 1974; WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance WHO/CDS/ CSR/NCS/2002.5). Samples were transported from the field on wet ice (,10 hr collection and transport time) and stored at 280 C until processed.…”