Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization

Isolation of whiskers from natural sources and their dispersed in a non-aqueous medium

“…The acicular shape and dimensions are similar to those described in the literature for whiskers, with lengths of around 35 to 500 nm and diameters of between 3 and 15 nm [7,15] . More specifically, for sugarcane bagasse, Teixeira et al [1] obtained average values for the length and diameter of 255 ± 55 nm and 8 ± 3 nm, respectively, while Mandal et al [10] reported a shorter length (170 nm) and larger diameter (35 nm).…”

“…Due to the phenolic groups present in the lignin, the infrared spectrum shows absorption bands at 1600 and 1510 cm -1 , related to axial deformations of the aromatic rings [32] . Besides the characteristic absorption bands of cellulose and lignin, the untreated SCB and CCS present absorption bands at 1730 cm -1 , characteristic of the axial stretching of the carbonyl and associated with hemicellulose [10,14] . The infrared spectra of the untreated SCB and CCS indicate the presence of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose, in agreement with the results of the quantitative analysis shown in Table 1.…”

“…Pure cellulose presents a single-stage thermal degradation event with the maximum degradation rate at 365 °C, as described in the literature [10,33] . Besides the degradation stage associated with cellulose, the raw materials presented other degradation stages related to lignocellulosic material, such as lignin and hemicellulose [33] .…”

“…need to be removed from the fiber through a process known as bleaching. Different treatments have been applied in the bleaching of natural fibers, such as the use of an alkali, followed by an oxidizing/alkaline environment with the use of an oxidant based on chlorinated compounds [9,10] . Studies have been conducted using oxidants which generate very low levels of waste, such as hydrogen peroxide, thereby reducing the environmental impact [1,11] .…”

Chemical Modification of Cellulose Isolated from Underutilized Hibiscus sabdariffa via Surface Grafting: A Potential Bio-based Resource for Industrial Application

“…27,28 The vibrational frequencies found at 1161 cm −1 and 1100 cm −1 were assigned to the C−C ring breathing band and C−O−C glycosidic ether band from the polysaccharide component, respectively. These two peaks became more pronounced in HSM, which may be due to the copolymer amide linkage formed in HSM from the ethylenediamine modification, as shown in Scheme 1b.…”