Isolation of Leptospira kmetyi from residential areas of patients with leptospirosis in Kelantan, Malaysia

Ali, Mohammad Ridhuan Mohd; Safiee, Amira Wahida Mohamad; Yusof, Nik Yuszrin; Fauzi, Mohd Hashairi; Yean, Chan Yean; İsmail, Nabilah

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.008

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This species was initially isolated and described in human leptospirosis in Thailand [52] and has also been isolated from animals [53]. In Malaysia, earlier reports described the isolation of L. wolffii from soils and waters in residential areas of patients with leptospirosis [54], market and recreational areas [55]. This also further illustrates the contribution of Leptospira from the "intermediate" cluster as causes of human leptospirosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in Central Malaysia

et al. 2020

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Background Leptospirosis, commonly known as rat-urine disease, is a global but endemic zoonotic disease in the tropics. Despite the historical report of leptospirosis in Malaysia, the information on human-infecting species is limited. Determining the circulating species is important to understand its epidemiology, thereby to strategize appropriate control measures through public health interventions, diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development. Methodology/Principle findings We investigated the human-infecting Leptospira species in blood and serum samples collected from clinically suspected leptospirosis patients admitted to three tertiary care hospitals in Malaysia. From a total of 165 patients, 92 (56%) were confirmed cases of leptospirosis through Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) (n = 43; 47%), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (n = 63; 68%) or both MAT and PCR (n = 14; 15%). The infecting Leptospira spp., determined by partial 16S rDNA (rrs) gene sequencing revealed two pathogenic species namely Leptospira interrogans (n = 44, 70%) and Leptospira kirschneri (n = 17, 27%) and one intermediate species Leptospira wolffii (n = 2, 3%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified an isolate of L. interrogans as a novel sequence type (ST 265),

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in Central Malaysia

et al. 2020

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“…This indicated that a significant proportion of water sources contained Leptospira. The usual recommendations for avoiding Leptospira infection include wearing boots and thorough washing after work; however, this may not be sufficient given that both water sources around residential areas and those outside, in areas of work, may be contaminated [34,35]. In addition, the large differences observed between our study sites in terms of water contact patterns (including sharing of water sources) highlights the need for leptospirosis surveillance, prevention, and control strategies that take local environmental and behavioral factors into consideration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Culture Protocols to Isolate Leptospira spp. from Environmental Water, Field Investigation, and Identification of Factors Associated with the Presence of Leptospira spp. in the Environment

et al. 2020

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The successful culture of Leptospira spp. from the environment is challenging. Here, we optimized the isolation of Leptospira spp. from water samples spiked with different species and initial concentrations of this organism. The time periods between water sampling and the isolation process were varied (0, 2, and 4 weeks). Bacterial cultures were observed under a microscope, and cultures were graded for cell density, weekly, for 12 weeks. Most pathogenic Leptospira spp. were difficult to culture under all conditions. All conditions of water samples spiked with novel species of Leptospira subclade P1 were culture positive within 2 weeks. For Leptospira subclade P2, storing samples for 2 weeks prior to isolation resulted in more successful isolation compared with isolation after other storage conditions. For subclade S1, all samples with initial bacterial concentrations of more than 103 colonies/mL, under all storage conditions, were successfully cultured. These results suggest that storing contaminated water samples for 2 to 4 weeks in the dark at an ambient temperature prior to culturing can improve the isolation of Leptospira spp. from the samples. We implemented this protocol and collected water samples from natural sources accessed by both humans and animals. Leptospira spp. was identified in 32% (35/109) of water samples. The animal species using a water source influenced the likelihood of water samples being contaminated with Leptospira spp. Cultures of Leptospira spp. from environmental samples can provide useful information for understanding the complex interactions between humans, animals and the environment in the transmission of leptospirosis.

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“…In New Caledonia, the biodiversity of Leptospira isolated from soil has been revealed recently by identifying 12 novel species using MALDI-ToF mass spectrum and whole-genome sequencing analysis [6]. Using culture techniques and DNA detection, Leptospira has also been found in environmental samples from Malaysia [111,115]. In the same country, pathogenic Leptospira were recovered from soil washings in the early 1960s using animal inoculation.…”

Section: Leptospira In the Soil Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stagnant water vs soil (19% vs 67%) [115] Minesotta, USA Lake shore water vs soil (65% vs 75%) [9] Bog water vs soil (5% vs 44%)…”

Section: Malaysiamentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments

Bierque¹,

Thibeaux²,

Girault³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

141

151

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Background Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is a zoonosis of global distribution. This infectious disease is mainly transmitted by indirect exposure to urine of asymptomatic animals via the environment. As human cases generally occur after heavy rain, an emerging hypothesis suggests that rainfall re-suspend leptospires together with soil particles. Bacteria are then carried to surface water, where humans get exposed. It is currently assumed that pathogenic leptospires can survive in the environment but do not multiply. However, little is known on their capacity to survive in a soil and freshwater environment. Methods We conducted a systematic review on Leptospira and leptospirosis in the environment in order to collect current knowledge on the lifestyle of Leptospira in soil and water. In total, 86 scientific articles retrieved from online databases or institutional libraries were included in this study. Principals findings/significance This work identified evidence of survival of Leptospira in the environment but major gaps remain about the survival of virulent species associated with human and animal diseases. Studies providing quantitative data on Leptospira in soil and water are a very recent trend, but must be interpreted with caution because of the uncertainty in the species identification. Several studies mentioned the presence of Leptospira in soils more frequently than in waters, supporting the hypothesis of the soil habitat and dispersion of Leptospira with resuspended soil particles during heavy rain. In a near future, the growing use of high throughput sequencing will offer new opportunities to improve our understanding of the habitat of Leptospira in the environment. This better insight into the risk of leptospirosis will allow implementing efficient control measures and prevention for the human and animal populations exposed.

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Isolation of Leptospira kmetyi from residential areas of patients with leptospirosis in Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract: More than one species of Leptospira may be present in a sampling area. The most common environmental isolates were pathogenic L. kmetyi.

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in Central Malaysia

Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in Central Malaysia

Optimization of Culture Protocols to Isolate Leptospira spp. from Environmental Water, Field Investigation, and Identification of Factors Associated with the Presence of Leptospira spp. in the Environment

A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments

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