Isolation of Kunjin virus from a patient with a naturally acquired infection

Da, Phillips; Aaskov, J. G.; Atkin, Curtis L.; Ma, Wiemers

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137085.x

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The WNVs of Australia, named Kunjin virus (WNV-KUNV), form a distinct sublineage within the West Nile type 1 clade (May et al, 2011;Scherret et al, 2001) and rarely cause disease in humans (Cordova et al, 2000;Gray et al, 2011Gray et al, , 2012Hall et al, 2002;Mackenzie et al, 1993;Phillips et al, 1992). The proto-strain of WNV-KUNV, MRM16, was isolated in 1960 from northern Queensland from Culex annulirostris mosquito pools (Doherty et al, 1963).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WNV-KUNV is endemic in northern tropical Australia and extends into the southern regions of the continent only after seasons of high summer rainfall. Only small numbers of human clinical cases of WNV-KUNV have been reported; none has been fatal and most have fully regained neurological function (Gray et al, 2011(Gray et al, , 2012Hall et al, 2002;Phillips et al, 1992). For 23 recorded cases, signs included encephalitic and meningitic presentations, fever, headache, rash, arthralgia and myalgia, lethargy and photophobia (Gray et al, 2011(Gray et al, , 2012Hall et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a mouse model for the West Nile virus group for the purpose of determining viral pathotypes

Bingham

Payne

Harper

et al. 2014

Journal of General Virology

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West Nile virus (WNV; family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus) group members are an important cause of viral meningoencephalitis in some areas of the world. They exhibit marked variation in pathogenicity, with some viral lineages (such as those from North America) causing high prevalence of severe neurological disease, whilst others (such as Australian Kunjin virus) rarely cause disease. The aim of this study was to characterize WNV disease in a mouse model and to elucidate the pathogenetic features that distinguish disease variation. Tenfold dilutions of five WNV strains (New York 1999, MRM16 and three horse isolates of WNV-Kunjin: Boort and two isolates from the 2011 Australian outbreak) were inoculated into mice by the intraperitoneal route. All isolates induced meningoencephalitis in different proportions of infected mice. WNV NY99 was the most pathogenic, the three horse isolates were of intermediate pathogenicity and WNV KUNV-MRM16 was the least, causing mostly asymptomatic disease with seroconversion. Infectivity, but not pathogenicity, was related to challenge dose. Using cluster analysis of the recorded clinical signs, histopathological lesions and antigen distribution scores, the cases could be classified into groups corresponding to disease severity. Metrics that were important in determining pathotype included neurological signs (paralysis and seizures), meningoencephalitis, brain antigen scores and replication in extra-neural tissues. Whereas all mice infected with WNV NY99 had extra-neural antigen, those infected with the WNV-Kunjin viruses only occasionally had antigen outside the nervous system. We conclude that the mouse model could be a useful tool for the assessment of pathotype for WNVs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a mouse model for the West Nile virus group for the purpose of determining viral pathotypes

Bingham

Payne

Harper

et al. 2014

Journal of General Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, when attending a patient the physician may not be aware of the existence of neglected pathogens, the causative agent may be novel, there may be no routine diagnostic tests available to detect them and/or the cost of any testing may not be considered warranted. Clinical infections with KUNV ( Doherty et al, 1976 ; Phillips et al, 1992 ; Broom et al, 2001 ), EHV ( Aaskov et al, 1993 ), GGV and KOKV ( Hawkes et al, 1985 ; Boughton et al, 1986 ) can now be confirmed in specialised reference laboratories but only suspected KUNV infected cases are tested on a regular basis. The funding model for diagnostic pathology in Australia also restricts the likelihood that a doctor will request tests for infection with a little-known and ‘rare’ arbovirus, even if the said doctor is aware of its possible role in disease.…”

Section: Neglected Australian Arboviruses In Ufimentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected Australian Arboviruses and Undifferentiated Febrile Illness: Addressing Public Health Challenges Arising From the ‘Developing Northern Australia’ Government Policy

et al. 2017

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The Australian Government is currently promoting the development of Northern Australia, with an associated increase in the local population. Consequent to this is the public health threat posed by heightened human exposure to many previously neglected arboviruses that are indigenous to the region. This initiative to support economic activity in the tropical north of the continent is leading to the accelerated expansion of an infection-naïve human population into hitherto un-encountered ecosystems inhabited by reservoir animals and vectors for these arboviruses. Combined with an apparent rise in the number and impact of dramatic climate events, such as tropical cyclones and floods caused by torrential monsoonal rainfall, this heightens the potential for viral transmission to humans. More than 75 arboviruses have been identified in Australia, some of which are associated with human disease but for which routine tests are not available to diagnose infection. Here, we describe briefly the neglected Australian arboviruses that are most likely to emerge as significant agents of human disease in the coming decades. We also advocate the establishment of a thorough surveillance and diagnostic protocol, including developing new pan-viral rapid tests for primary care use to assist in the early diagnosis and correct treatment of affected patients. We propose that the implementation of these activities will enhance our understanding of the geographical range, prevalence, identification and control of neglected Australian arboviruses. This would minimise and limit the possibility of large-scale outbreaks with these agents as population and economic growth expands further into Australia’s tropical north.

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“…Most importantly, infection with WNV KUN rarely causes disease in humans. On such rare occasions it can cause encephalitis, but is more often associated with a febrile illness that may or may not be accompanied by rash, malaise, headache, photophobia, arthralgia, myalgia and lymphadenopathy [17,18,19,20]. Beasley et al [21] demonstrated that a New York strain of WNV was significantly more neuroinvasive than wild-type WNV KUN : 1,000–10,000 fold more infectious virus is needed to produce disease in adult mice by peripheral inoculation.…”

Section: The Threat Of Exotic Wnv To Urban Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

Jansen

Ritchie

Hurk³

2013

IJERPH

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Recent epidemic activity and its introduction into the Western Hemisphere have drawn attention to West Nile virus (WNV) as an international public health problem. Of particular concern has been the ability for the virus to cause outbreaks of disease in highly populated urban centers. Incrimination of Australian mosquito species is an essential component in determining the receptivity of Australia to the introduction and/or establishment of an exotic strain of WNV and can guide potential management strategies. Based on vector competence experiments and ecological studies, we suggest candidate Australian mosquito species that would most likely be involved in urban transmission of WNV, along with consideration of the endemic WNV subtype, Kunjin. We then examine the interaction of entomological factors with virological and vertebrate host factors, as well as likely mode of introduction, which may influence the potential for exotic WNV to become established and be maintained in urban transmission cycles in Australia.

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Isolation of Kunjin virus from a patient with a naturally acquired infection

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Evaluation of a mouse model for the West Nile virus group for the purpose of determining viral pathotypes

Evaluation of a mouse model for the West Nile virus group for the purpose of determining viral pathotypes

Neglected Australian Arboviruses and Undifferentiated Febrile Illness: Addressing Public Health Challenges Arising From the ‘Developing Northern Australia’ Government Policy

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

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