Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016

Barzon, Luisa; Pacenti, Monia; Berto, Alessandro; Sinigaglia, Alessandro; Franchin, Elisa; Lavezzo, Enrico; Brugnaro, Pierluigi; Palù, Giorgio

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.10.30159

Cited by 185 publications

(181 citation statements)

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“…The higher number of samples and the fact that real samples were used instead of spiked ones may be the reason why we observed different rates, mainly in urine samples which had a low positive rate in this study. Barzon et al 2016 observed prolonged shedding of ZIKV in saliva and urine up to 29 days in one patient by qPCR and showed that during the first days of infection, the viral load is constantly changing, and at certain time points saliva showed higher ZIKV RNA (copies/mL) compared with urine [5]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is transmitted among humans usually by Aedes mosquito species, but dissemination by sexual transmission [2], perinatal [3] and blood transfusion [4] have also been reported. Symptoms appear in 20% of infected individuals and include fever, cutaneous rash, headache, conjunctivitis, myalgia and arthralgia [5]. After the USA’s ZIKV outbreak in 2016, a sudden increase in microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) related with ZIKV infection prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a public health emergency of international concern [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ZIKV RNA disappears from blood in about one week after infection, however the virus remains sequestered up to 29 days in saliva [5] and urine [8]. Since the first report of ZIKV in saliva [9], studies have suggested that saliva could be an important alternative sample to detect ZIKV infection [5,9–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the first report of ZIKV in saliva [9], studies have suggested that saliva could be an important alternative sample to detect ZIKV infection [5,9–12]. Saliva collection is easy, non-invasive, involves safe handling and requires less processing than blood greatly simplifying the assay, and justifying efforts to develop diagnostic techniques through the use of this fluid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid diagnosis of Zika virus through saliva and urine by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Castro

Sabalza

Barber

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus and member of the Flaviviridae family. Recent studies have reported that saliva can be an important alternative to detect ZIKV. Saliva requires less processing than blood greatly simplifying the assay. Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) is a rapid assay that detects nucleic acids, including ZIKV RNA. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of saliva and urine to diagnose ZIKV infection in subjects during the acute phase, through ZIKV RNA detection by LAMP. Method: A total of 131 samples (68 saliva and 63 urine samples) from 69 subjects in the acute phase of ZIKV infection, and confirmed positive for ZIKV by blood analysis through real time-PCR, were collected and analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP). Results: From the 68 saliva samples, 45 (66.2%) were positive for ZIKV with an average time to positivity (Tp) of 13.5 min, and from the 63 urine samples, 25 (39.7%) were positive with the average Tp of 15.8 min. Saliva detected more samples (p = 0.0042) and had faster Tp (p = 0.0176) as compared with urine. Conclusion: Saliva proved to be a feasible alternative to diagnose ZIKV infection during the acute phase by LAMP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rapid diagnosis of Zika virus through saliva and urine by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Castro

Sabalza

Barber

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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“…Unlike DENV, ZIKV is detected in the urine 6 , saliva 5 and semen 4 (which allows potential transmission by sexual contact 25 ), suggesting that the virus is stable enough to withstand harsh conditions. This is consistent with our infection assay showing that ZIKV is more thermally stable than DENV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus

Kostyuchenko

Lim

Zhang

et al. 2016

Nature

446

469

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Zika virus (ZIKV), formerly a neglected pathogen, has recently been associated with microcephaly in fetuses 1 , and with Guillian-Barré syndrome in adults 2 . Here we present the 3.7 Å resolution cryoelectron microscopy structure of ZIKV, and show that the overall architecture of the virus is similar to that of other flaviviruses. Sequence and structural comparisons of the ZIKV envelope (E) protein with other flaviviruses show that parts of the E protein closely resemble the neurovirulent West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses, while others are similar to dengue virus (DENV). However, the contribution of the E protein to flavivirus pathobiology is currently not understood. The virus particle was observed to be structurally stable even when incubated at 40 °C, in sharp contrast to the less thermally stable DENV 3 . This is also reflected in the infectivity of ZIKV compared to DENV serotypes 2 and 4 (DENV2 and DENV4) at different temperatures. The cryoelectron microscopy structure shows a virus with a more compact surface. This structural stability of the virus may help it to survive in the harsh conditions of semen 4 , saliva 5 and urine 6 . Antibodies or drugs that destabilize the structure may help to reduce the disease outcome or limit the spread of the virus.Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus, is thought to be principally transmitted to humans by the mosquito (Aedes aegypti) vector. Other flaviviriuses include West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). ZIKV generally causes a mild disease. However, when pregnant women are infected with ZIKV, there is an increased risk of developing microcephaly in the fetus 1 .Retrospective analysis of data collected from a ZIKV outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014 showed association of the virus with microcephaly 7 . Here we present the 3.7 Å resolution structure of ZIKV strain H/PF/2013 isolated during that outbreak 8 .For cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies, ZIKV was grown in the mosquito cell line at 28 °C and purified at 4 °C by polyethylene glycol precipitation, a sucrose cushion, followed by a potassium tartrate gradient. The gel analysis of the purified sample suggested it contained mostly mature virus (Extended Data Fig. 1). The ZIKV samples were incubated at 28 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C (mimicking high fever) for 30 min, before imaging by cryoEM (Fig. 1a). At 28 °C, there were broken and shrivelled particles together with some smooth surfaced particles (about 500 Å in diameter), similar to the compact DENV mature particles. Conversely, samples incubated at 37 °C and 40 °C showed many more smooth surfaced particles. The presence of a larger fraction of shrivelled particles at 28 °C could be due to the exposure of particles to high osmolality during purification. We speculate that ZIKV particles may expand into smooth surfaced particles when incubated at higher temperatures, making the lipid envelope more fluid, and allowing the structure to revert to its normal state. Some strains of DENV2 (New G...

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Biology of ZIKV

2018

Zika Virus and Diseases

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Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016

Cited by 185 publications

References 33 publications

Rapid diagnosis of Zika virus through saliva and urine by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Rapid diagnosis of Zika virus through saliva and urine by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus

Biology of ZIKV

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