Isolation ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Enteritidis from Houseflies (Musca domestica) Found in Rooms ContainingSalmonellaSerovar Enteritidis-Challenged Hens

Abstract

Houseflies (Musca domestica) released into rooms containing hens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella serovar Enteritidis) rapidly became contaminated with Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Forty to 50% of the flies were contaminated at 48 h, and the percentage increased to 50 to 70% at 4 and 7 days postexposure and then decreased to 30% at day 15. Initial attempts at recovering surface organisms for culture using an aqueous rinse were largely unsuccessful, while cultures of internal contents readily recovered Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. However, when 0.5% detergent was incorporated into the rinse, high recovery levels of bacteria were observed from both external and internal culture regimens, indicating equal distribution of the organism on and in the fly and a tighter interaction of the organism with the host than previously thought. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis was isolated routinely from the fly gut, on rare occasions from the crop, and never from the salivary gland. Feeding contaminated flies to hens resulted in gut colonization of a third of the birds, but release of contaminated flies in a room containing previously unchallenged hens failed to result in colonization of any of the subject birds. These results indicate that flies exposed to an environment containing Salmonella serovar Enteritidis can become colonized with the organism and might serve as a source for transmission of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis within a flock situation.

Prevalence of diarrhea causing protozoan infections and associated risk factors in diarrheic under five children in Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia: pediatric clinic based study

“…This is because less frequently washed infants' feeding materials are more susceptible to contamination by flies, cockroaches, and hands of the caretakers. So, frequent washing of the child's feeding material reduces the infectious organism present on it and this observation agrees with the findings that were reported by Holt et al (2007).…”

“…This is because bottles are highly susceptible and exposed for contamination by flies and fecally contaminated hands (Holt et al, 2007).…”

“…It has been documented that there is a high chance of contamination and greater risk of diarrhea associated with bottle feeding (Holt et al, 2007).…”

Phenotypic and molecular detection of Salmonella sp. on growing, rearing and production phases in a commercial group of laying hens

“…These results suggest its introduction in the shed by vertical channels and spread in the environment, like observed by Holt et al (2007) after inoculate Salmonella Enteritidis in laying hens and collect 50% of the flies infected in the same environment. Moreover, the absence of Salmonella Livingstone on the remaining samples of rearing and production phases was probably due to the development of the immune system and the establishment of the normal intestinal microflora, which promoted elimination or reduction of bacteria levels.…”

“…One of the factors that facilitate the proliferation of flies is the accumulation of large amounts of manure (Carrique-Mas et al 2009). When these flies are exposed to Salmonella contaminated environments, they may become infected and transmit the bacteria to housed poultry (Holt et al 2007). Also, the ingestion of contaminated A. diaperinus larvae or adult with Salmonella can infect hens (Roche et al 2009).…”