Isolation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus from
            <i>Aedes albopictus</i>
            in Florida

Cj, Mitchell; Ml, Niebylski; Gc, Smith; Karabatsos, Nick; Martin, Donald B.; Mutebi, JP; Craig, GB; Mahler, MJ

doi:10.1126/science.1321985

Cited by 144 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…14 We propagated virus on BHK-21 cell monolayers maintained in Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Viral titers in mouse blood samples and viral stocks were measured by plaque assay in Vero cells maintained in EMEM containing 5% FBS.…”

Section: Virus Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mice

Vogel

Kell

Fritz

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Pathology

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To elucidate the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus infections, we used histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization to track the spread and early cellular targets of viral infection in mice. Young mice were inoculated with virulent EEE virus in their right rear footpad and were followed in a time-course study for 4 days. Virulent EEE virus produced a biphasic illness characterized by an early self-limiting replication phase in peripheral tissues followed by an invariably fatal central nervous system (CNS) phase. In the early extraneural phase, there was primary amplifying replication of virus within fibroblasts at the inoculation site and within osteoblasts in active growth areas of bone that resulted in a transient high-titer viremia. Pathological changes and viral infection were observed as early as 12 hours post-infection (PI) in osteoblasts, skeletal muscle myocytes, and in fibroblasts along fascial sheaths. The severity and extent of infection in peripheral tissues peaked at day 1 PI. In the neural phase of infection, virus was first detected in the brain on day 1 PI, with rapid interneuronal spread of infection leading to death by day 4 PI. EEE virus appeared to be directly cytopathic for neurons. The very rapid onset and apparently random and widely dispersed infection in the CNS, with concurrent sparing of olfactory neuroepithelium, strongly suggests that invasion of the CNS by EEE occurs by a vascular route, rather than via peripheral nerves or the olfactory neuroepithelium. Our finding that metaphyseal osteoblasts are an early site of amplifying viral replication may explain the higher-titer viremias and higher incidence of neuroinvasion and fulminant encephalitis seen in the young, and may also explain why mature animals become refractory to encephalitis after peripheral inoculation with EEE virus. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is a singlestranded RNA virus in the genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) that can cause a severe mosquito-borne encephalitis in humans, horses, and game birds. 1 In North America, EEE virus is prevalent in freshwater swamps along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States where both its mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura, and its passerine bird reservoir hosts live. 2 The virus has a very wide host range, but as Culiseta mosquitoes rarely feed on mammalian hosts, other bridging mosquito species actually transmit the virus from infected birds to horses, and occasionally, to humans. Most EEE infections in humans are inapparent or produce a low-grade fever followed by malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. However, in some cases, EEE virus crosses the blood-brain barrier and causes a severe, and often fatal, acute encephalitis, which kills 50 to 75% of infected humans and leaves many survivors with serious neurological sequelae. 1,3 It has long been recognized that EEE infection in children tends to have a more rapid onset and to be more severe. Goldfield et al reported that one in eight young children developed fulminant ence...

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Section: Virus Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mice

Vogel

Kell

Fritz

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Pathology

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“…The invasion of this species poses a risk to human health. Besides the nuisance caused by A. albopictus biting activity, it is a maintenance vector (occasionally epidemic) of dengue viruses in some parts of Asia (CDC, 2005) and plays an important role in the transmission of several other arboviruses, including chikungunya on the island of La Réunion (Reiter et al, 2006) and in Italy (Beltrame et al, 2007), eastern equine encephalitis (Mitchell et al, 1992), LaCrosse encephalitis (Gerhardt et al, 2001), Bunyaviridae (Francy et al, 1990), West Nile virus (Turell et al, 2001) and Dirofilaria spp. (Gratz, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation in East-Adriatic populations of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), inferred from NADH5 and COI sequence variability

Žitko¹,

Kovačić²,

Desdevises³

et al. 2011

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract.In the last few decades, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) (= Stegomyia albopicta), the so-called "Asian tiger mosquito", has spread from its native range in southeast Asia to Africa, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific islands. The spread of this species poses a risk to human health as it is considered to be one of the main vectors of dengue and other arboviruses. Aedes albopictus was reported in Croatia in 2004, thereafter it was discovered at several coastal localities in 2005 and to date it has spread to most coastal areas and islands in Croatia. Here we investigate the genetic variability of A. albopictus based on 39 individuals collected during the summer of 2009 along the East-Adriatic coast and islands of Croatia and Montenegro and using two mitochondrial molecular markers: cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5). We identified a single ND5 haplotype, corresponding to the previously reported and worldwide-distributed haplotype H3. The COI marker was more variable and we identified four COI haplotypes. In order to identify the geographic origin of the populations that colonized Croatia, we performed phylogenetic analyses of ND5 and COI haplotypes in Croatian populations and other A. albopictus populations retrieved from the GenBank. The phylogenetic tree based on ND5 haplotypes revealed two well supported clades where the unique Croatian ND5 haplotype clustered with the majority of haplotypes originating from South-Asia, America, Europe, and Africa. Another smaller cluster consisted of only Brazilian haplotypes. The phylogenetic tree and haplotype network that resulted from the COI analysis also indicates that the three Croatian COI haplotypes cluster with European and American haplotypes. However the fourth Croatian COI haplotype was the only European haplotype that occurred in a separate clade (group) with Indian, South-Asian, and Brazilian haplotypes. This data suggests there have been several independent introduction events in Croatia.

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“…These include Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) (Mitchell et al 1992;Turell et al 1994), La Crosse virus (LACV) (Grimstad et al 1989;Gerhardt et al 2001), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (Beaman and Turell 1991;Turell and Beaman 1992), West Nile virus (WNV) (Holick et al 2002;Sardelis et al 2002c), and Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV) (Paupy et al 2009). Even in the absence of disease transmission, A. albopictus is a serious nuisance biting species, particularly in urban areas, where control can become an economic burden to local municipalities due to numerous larval development sites (Scholte et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Review of the Invasive Mosquitoes in Europe: Ecology, Public Health Risks, and Control Options

Medlock¹,

Hansford²,

Schaffner

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

562

511

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There has been growing interest in Europe in recent years in the establishment and spread of invasive mosquitoes, notably the incursion of Aedes albopictus through the international trade in used tires and lucky bamboo, with onward spread within Europe through ground transport. More recently, five other non-European aedine mosquito species have been found in Europe, and in some cases populations have established locally and are spreading. Concerns have been raised about the involvement of these mosquito species in transmission cycles of pathogens of public health importance, and these concerns were borne out following the outbreak of chikungunya fever in Italy in 2007, and subsequent autochthonous cases of dengue fever in France and Croatia in 2010. This article reviews current understanding of all exotic (five introduced invasive and one intercepted) aedine species in Europe, highlighting the known import pathways, biotic and abiotic constraints for establishment, control strategies, and public health significance, and encourages Europe-wide surveillance for invasive mosquitoes.

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Isolation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus from Aedes albopictus in Florida

Cited by 144 publications

References 10 publications

Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mice

Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mice

Genetic variation in East-Adriatic populations of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), inferred from NADH5 and COI sequence variability

A Review of the Invasive Mosquitoes in Europe: Ecology, Public Health Risks, and Control Options

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