“…After applying an external magnetic field, the nanoparticles agglomerate and can be separated from the solution. Efficient isolation of DNA strands in complex media was achieved in a fast and efficient manner using silica or gold coated core/shell nanoparticles (He et al, 2007; Li et al, 2011; Min et al, 2014). …”
A biosensor device is defined by its biological, or bioinspired receptor unit with unique specificities toward corresponding analytes. These analytes are often of biological origin like DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins which are generated from the immune system (antibodies, antigens) of infected or contaminated living organisms. Such analytes can also be simple molecules like glucose or pollutants when a biological receptor unit with particular specificity is available. One of many other challenges in biosensor development is the efficient signal capture of the biological recognition event (transduction). Such transducers translate the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, magnetic, gravimetric, or optical signals. In order to increase sensitivities and to lower detection limits down to even individual molecules, nanomaterials are promising candidates due to the possibility to immobilize an enhanced quantity of bioreceptor units at reduced volumes and even to act itself as transduction element. Among such nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles, semi-conductor quantum dots, polymer nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphene are intensively studied. Due to the vast evolution of this research field, this review summarizes in a non-exhaustive way the advantages of nanomaterials by focusing on nano-objects which provide further beneficial properties than “just” an enhanced surface area.
“…After applying an external magnetic field, the nanoparticles agglomerate and can be separated from the solution. Efficient isolation of DNA strands in complex media was achieved in a fast and efficient manner using silica or gold coated core/shell nanoparticles (He et al, 2007; Li et al, 2011; Min et al, 2014). …”
A biosensor device is defined by its biological, or bioinspired receptor unit with unique specificities toward corresponding analytes. These analytes are often of biological origin like DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins which are generated from the immune system (antibodies, antigens) of infected or contaminated living organisms. Such analytes can also be simple molecules like glucose or pollutants when a biological receptor unit with particular specificity is available. One of many other challenges in biosensor development is the efficient signal capture of the biological recognition event (transduction). Such transducers translate the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, magnetic, gravimetric, or optical signals. In order to increase sensitivities and to lower detection limits down to even individual molecules, nanomaterials are promising candidates due to the possibility to immobilize an enhanced quantity of bioreceptor units at reduced volumes and even to act itself as transduction element. Among such nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles, semi-conductor quantum dots, polymer nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphene are intensively studied. Due to the vast evolution of this research field, this review summarizes in a non-exhaustive way the advantages of nanomaterials by focusing on nano-objects which provide further beneficial properties than “just” an enhanced surface area.
“…However, due to simple instrumentation, increased sensitivity, and low background, chemiluminescent label-based techniques are preferred over fluorescence-based detection (90,91). Because of their easy manipulation under an external magnetic field, surface-modified magnetic particles can be used for enrichment of the target molecules, and this permits high-throughput and automated detection platforms (92)(93)(94)(95). Based on these advancements, Ali et al combined magnetic separation technology (for nucleic acid purification) with a chemiluminescence technique for more sensitive (as low as 10 viral RNA copies) detection of multiple viral agents (82).…”
SUMMARYCoinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
“…Although uncoated magnetic particles have been utilized for the isolation and purification of plasmid and genomic DNA from different biological sources, some functionalized magnetite particles with different groups provide a higher recovery of DNA compare to those using naked particles [1,4,5,6]. In addition, carboxyl [7], dimercaptosuccinic acid [8], gelatin [1], silica [5,9], amino silane [6], polyethylenimine (PEI) [4] and gold [10,11] coated magnetic particle has been utilized as an adsorbent for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic and plasmid nucleic acids.…”
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