Isolation of an adeno-like virus from two cases of strawberry disease in rainbow trout

Fleury, H. J. A.; Vuillaume, A.; Sochon, E.

doi:10.1016/s0769-2617(85)80072-1

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Reports of RMS were previously restricted to the UK. Although Fleury et al (1985) already described similar skin lesions in rainbow trout in France in 1985, the clinical and histopathological data were very similar to those of SD as described by Olson et al (1985), where no correlation was found between the temperature of the water and the appearance of the skin lesions as seen in RMS. Also according to Ferguson et al (2006) and VernerJeffreys et al (2008), this disease is similar but not identical to RMS.…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

“…Also according to Ferguson et al (2006) and VernerJeffreys et al (2008), this disease is similar but not identical to RMS. However, because further reports in Europe are missing, the question of whether Fleury et al (1985) described cases of SD or RMS cannot be answered conclusively. Verner-Jeffreys et al (2008) reported introduction of RMS in a naïve rainbow trout 88: 65-68, 2009 farm by import of infected stock animals.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Appearance of red mark syndrome / cold water strawberry disease in Switzerland and Austria

Schmidt‐Posthaus¹,

Bergmann²,

Knüsel³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Red mark syndrome (RMS) or cold water strawberry disease (CWSD) is a non-lethal skin disease of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that is of high economic importance in the UK. The disease is temperature-dependent, with up to 60% morbidity at water temperatures below 15°C. Although CWSD is horizontally transmissible, the aetiology is still unknown. Here we describe the first cases of RMS on the European mainland in the alpine regions of Switzerland and Austria. In Switzerland, morbidity remained around 1% after the first outbreak, whereas in Austria no further cases were diagnosed.KEY WORDS: Red mark syndrome · Coldwater strawberry disease · Oncorhynchus mykiss · Austria · Switzerland · Water temperature Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 88: 65-68, 2009 al. 2008). It is notable that Lloyd et al. (2008) also reported no statistical association between SD lesions and F. psychrophilum based on PCR assays, but they did find a strong association between SD lesions and a Rickettsia-like organism. Verner-Jeffreys et al. (2008) proposed that RMS is caused by 1 or more infectious agents with a long latency (> 500 day-degrees).RMS was first reported in 2003 in Scotland. RMS seemed to spread in the UK, as it was subsequently diagnosed in England and Wales (Verner-Jeffreys et al. 2008). Outbreaks outside the UK have not been reported yet. Here we describe the first likely cases of RMS on the European mainland, in 2 Swiss and 1 Austrian trout farm. CASE STUDIES AND DISCUSSIONThe 2 affected Swiss farms exclusively raise rainbow trout. Despite belonging to the same owner, they are completely separated. Farm A consists of a hatchery and a grow-out facility, which are located at 2 different sites with separate water supplies. The farm produces 250 t of trout yr spring water with a temperature of 5 to 14°C. Eggs are supplied by brood stock kept in the grow-out facility. Additionally, each year 2 batches of eggs are imported from different farms in the European Union, but not from the UK. In the hatchery, fingerlings up to 50 g are reared in separate troughs and concrete raceway systems with gravel bottoms. Older animals are moved into the grow-out facility that is supplied by spring water at 250 l s -1 with water temperature of 4 to 14°C. Trout are reared in separate tanks and concrete raceway systems.Farm B produces 100 t of rainbow trout yr -1 hatched on site in recirculation units supplied with tap water. Afterwards, fish are reared in separated flow-through troughs and tanks and then moved to independent recirculation systems. The farm is supplied by 80 to 110 l s -1 spring water flowing in an open channel for about 1 km that is inhabited by wild fish. The water is not disinfected before entering the fish farm. Water temperature ranges from 5 to 15°C. In 2007, rainbow trout from Farm A were once transported to Farm B.Water parameters of both farms were checked regularly and showed no unusual variation. Rainbow trout from both farms regularly tested negative...

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supporting

confidence: 72%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Appearance of red mark syndrome / cold water strawberry disease in Switzerland and Austria

Schmidt‐Posthaus¹,

Bergmann²,

Knüsel³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…While SD was first described in Washington state, USA in the 1950s this condition has been recognized throughout the western USA (Olson et al 1985). Very similar conditions, also with unknown etiology, have been reported in Europe including 'warm water strawberry disease' (WWSD) in the UK and France, and a recently described 'red mark syndrome' (RMS), or 'cold water strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al 1985, Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Dis Aquat Org 82: [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] 2008 strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al 1985, Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

Lloyd¹,

LaPatra²,

Snekvik³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Strawberry disease (SD) in the USA is a skin disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and is characterized by bright red inflammatory lesions. To identify a candidate bacterial agent responsible for SD, we constructed 16S rDNA libraries from 7 SD lesion samples and 2 apparently healthy skin samples from SD-affected fish. A 16S rDNA sequence highly similar to members of the order Rickettsiales was present in 3 lesion libraries at 1%, 32% and 54% prevalence, but this sequence was not found in either healthy tissue library. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this Rickettsia-like organism (RLO) sequence is most closely related to 16S rDNA sequences of bacteria that may form a novel lineage within the Rickettsiales. We used nested PCR assays to screen 25 SD-affected fish for RLO or Flavobacterium psychrophilum DNA. Sixteen lesion samples were positive for the RLO sequence and 4 of the matched healthy samples were positive resulting in a significant association between SD lesions and presence of RLO DNA. While F. psychrophilum is reportedly associated with 'cold water strawberry disease' in the UK, we found no significant association between SD lesions and the presence of F. psychrophilum DNA. The statistical association between SD lesions and presence of RLO DNA is not proof of etiology, but these data suggest that RLO may play a role in SD in southern Idaho, USA. KEY WORDS: Strawberry disease · Oncorhynchus mykiss · Rickettsia · 16S rDNA library · CWSD · WWSD · RMS Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 82: [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] 2008 strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al. 1985, Ferguson et al. 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al. 2008.Results from Idaho producer surveys show no consistent management practices or facility, diet, or water conditions that predispose trout to SD, although stress is thought to aggravate the condition (Olson et al. 1985, Oman 1990. While previous surveys did not control for potentially confounding variables, there is evidence that SD is caused by a transmissible agent. Oman (1990) reported some success in transmitting the condition by experimental inoculation with SD lesion homogenate. Verner-Jeffreys et al. (2008) were able to demonstrate repeatable transmission of RMS/CWSD by cohabitation. Oral treatment with oxytetracycline (OTC) is used to manage the disease at some farms and is thought to reduce recovery time by as much as 50% (Erickson 1969, Olson et al. 1985, Oman 1990. Limited transmission studies and apparent response to chemotherapeutic treatment (OTC) are consistent with the hypothesis that SD results from a primary or secondary bacterial infection. Consequently, we investigated the bacterial community associated with SD lesions by constructing and comparing 16S rDNA libraries from SD lesions and matched healthy skin samples from SD-affected fish. MATERIALS AND METHODSSample collection. Fish were sampled from 4 different trout farms in southern Idaho, USA ...

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“…Other skin anomalies include ulcerative dermal necrosis (might be of photosensitizer origin) (Roberts, 1989) and strawberry disease. Potential etiology of straw berry disease includes a rickettsiae member*6, an adeno-like virus (Fleury et al, 1985) or a local allergic reaction to endo-or exotoxins produced by intestinal microflora (Olson et al, 1985). Among the non-infectious skin diseases, sunburn can be cited (Roberts, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

"Rash" Skin Disease of Rainbow Trout.

Kfoury

Okamoto

Tanaka³

et al. 1996

Fish Pathol.

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"Rash" , a subchronic, debilitating and non-fatal inflammatory skin disease has been found in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in several areas of Japan over the past five years. This condition was observed from small fish (11cm in body length) to mature-size animals, however, most of the affected fish were market size (in Japan, 20cm/120g). Morbidity sometimes reaches as high as 48% and causes a significant economic impact, since those fish loose commercial value. A self-limited clinical course and healing of the lesion could be observed after 6 to 8 weeks. "Rash" signs included the presence of bright red, non-raised, ulcerated or not, defined to petechial scattered lesions on the ventral and/or lateral surfaces of the fish. Histopathological features included a subchronic focal to non-focal, non-suppurative dermatitis with various degrees of ulceration and an extensive mononuclear inflammatory infiltration. "Rash" etiology still remains unknown .

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Isolation of an adeno-like virus from two cases of strawberry disease in rainbow trout

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Appearance of red mark syndrome / cold water strawberry disease in Switzerland and Austria

Appearance of red mark syndrome / cold water strawberry disease in Switzerland and Austria

Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

"Rash" Skin Disease of Rainbow Trout.

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