Isolation of a new strain М-2020 of the camelpox virus (&lt;i&gt;Poxviridae: Orthopoxvirus: Camelpox virus&lt;/i&gt;) in Republic of Kazakhstan and study of its reproduction in various biological systems

Zhugunissov, Kuandyk; Mambetaliyev, Muratbay; Azanbekova, Moldir; Kenzhebaeva, Marzhan; Kilibayev, Sanat; Tuyskanova, Moldir; Dzhapasheva, A S; Omurtay, A D; Tabys, Sh. T.

doi:10.36233/0507-4088-100

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Based on the clinical signs and symptoms of the disease, local veterinary specialists made a preliminary diagnosis. Furthermore, this preliminary diagnosis was laboratory-confirmed by employees of the National Reference Center for Veterinary Medicine [ 12 ], and the virus was isolated from sick animals [ 20 ]. The vaccines successfully protected all the vaccinated camels from developing camelpox disease.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field Trials of Live and Inactivated Camelpox Vaccines in Kazakhstan

Mambetaliyev,

Kilibayev,

Kenzhebaeva

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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An outbreak of camelpox occurred in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan in 2019. To control the outbreak of camelpox and to prevent its further spread to other regions, camels were vaccinated using live and inactivated camelpox vaccines produced in Kazakhstan. To evaluate the efficacy of these camelpox vaccines in the field, vaccine trials used 172 camels on camel farms in the Beineu district. Of these, 132 camels were vaccinated using a live attenuated camelpox vaccine and 40 camels were vaccinated using an inactivated vaccine to observe immunogenicity and safety. The live vaccine was inoculated into camels by scarification at a dose of 5 × 104 EID50, and the inactivated vaccine was injected intramuscularly at 5 mL twice, with an interval of 35 days. During the safety evaluation, camels administered either vaccine displayed no clinical signs of illness or any adverse effects. Post-vaccination seroconversion demonstrated that the live attenuated vaccine started to elicit antibody responses in some animals as early as day seven, while, by day 28, 99% of vaccinated camels responded. For camels immunized with the inactivated vaccine, seroconversion began on day 21 at low titers ranging from 1:2 to 1:4. Ninety days post vaccination, 77% of the camels demonstrated an immune response that was up to a titer of 1:16. The antibody response waned six months post vaccination in camels vaccinated with two types of vaccine. Nonetheless, both vaccines were 100% effective at preventing clinical disease in vaccinated camels during the camelpox outbreak. All unvaccinated camels became ill, with manifestations of clinical signs characteristic of camelpox. Following these successful field trials in Kazakhstan, a vaccination program for camels, to control camelpox using the domestically produced live attenuated camelpox vaccine, has started.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In June 2019, 23 years after the previous outbreak, a camelpox epidemic began in the Qaraqiya district of the Mangystau region ( Figure 1 ) [ 20 ]. The epidemic initially started with isolated cases and gradually spread to all closely associated animals irrespective of age, sex, or physiological state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Trials of Live and Inactivated Camelpox Vaccines in Kazakhstan

Mambetaliyev,

Kilibayev,

Kenzhebaeva

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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“…On 8 farms of the Mangystau oblast with 8000 camels, 830 were infected, and 43 of those died of the infection [5]. Following this outbreak, new laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox were reported in the Mangistau Region in the summer of 2019 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Inactivated Camelpox Vaccine from Attenuated Camelpox Virus Strain: Safety and Protection in Camels

Zhugunissov¹,

Mambetaliyev²,

Sarsenkulova³

et al. 2023

Animals

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This article describes the preparation of an inactivated vaccine from an attenuated strain of camelpox. The attenuated camelpox virus (CMLV) was grown in lamb kidney cells and in Vero cells. CMLV was accumulated to a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) titer in lamb kidney cells (7.75 ± 0.08 log TCID50/mL) than in Vero cells (4.00 ± 0.14 log TCID50/mL). During virus inactivation, a concentration of 0.05% beta-propiolactone (BPL) completely inactivated the virus in 6 h at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C, while a concentration of 0.2% formaldehyde inactivated the virus in 8 h. However, a viral antigen inactivated by BPL was used for vaccine preparation. The inactivated viral antigen was adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide gel, and as a result, an inactivated candidate vaccine was prepared. While the safety of the candidate vaccine was tested in camels and white mice, the protective efficacy of the vaccine was tested only in camels. In the safety evaluation of the inactivated vaccine, the vaccine was not observed to cause any adverse effects in mice and camels. During the immunogenicity study in camels, antibody formation started (0.2 ± 0.16 log2) at Day 21 post-vaccination (PV), and the antibody titer peaked (1.33 ± 0.21 log2) at Day 60 PV and decreased at Day 90 PV (0.50 ± 0.22 log2). Furthermore, no antibodies were detected in vaccinated camels from Days 180 to 365 PV. Camels that received vaccination and were subsequently exposed to wild-type virus evinced a healthy state despite lacking antibodies. In contrast, unvaccinated camels exhibited susceptibility to camelpox upon challenge.

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Epidemiology of Camelpox: New Aspects

Stovba,

Lebedev,

Chukhralia

et al. 2024

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After the abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination, the humanity lost the immunity not only to smallpox, but also to infections caused by pathogens of this family (Orthopoxvirus): monkeypox, cowpox, buffalo pox, camelpox. Since the camelpox and African gerbil viruses are the closest to the variola virus (genomic homology is 97%) in phylogenetic and genetic terms, it cannot be ruled out that a mutation in a small fragment of the genome of one of these viruses will lead to the replacement of a relatively safe virus with an epidemically dangerous pathogen. The purpose of is article is to summarize materials on the study of camelpox virus. The sources for this research is scientific articles and other English-language literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on camelpox from the general to the specific. The authors considered the epizootic danger of the virus, its virulence for humans, phylogenetic relationship with other orthopoxviruses, means of specific prevention and treatment of camel pox in camels. The discussion and the results. The causative agent of camelpox causes a nodular-pastular rash on the skin and mucous membranes in Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. The disease is contagious, and its epizootics lead to significant economic damage. From December 2008 to May 2009, several laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox in humans were reported in India, Somalia and eastern Sudan. Nowadays for the identification of the camelpox virus, a RT-PCR test system with primers for the C18L gene is usually offered, which detects only this virus. The established host range of the virus is limited to one animal - the camel. To treat sick camels, chemotherapy drugs are used: cidofovir and tocoverimate (ST-246). For immunoprophylaxis, live and inactivated vaccines are used. The conclusion. Camelpox virus poses a risk to humans in regions where people raise camels and are in close contact with them. The immunodeficient populations of people may serve as an additional «window» for the penetration of this virus into human society. The genetic variability of the virus and the plasticity of its genome make it possible to obtain virus strains with altered properties. Synthetic biology methods create a risk, through small substitutions in the genome of the virus, of turning it into an epidemic danger for humans. Constant monitoring of this disease is necessary, since there is a danger of the transmission of camelpox from Kazakhstan to areas bordering the Russian Federation.

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Isolation of a new strain М-2020 of the camelpox virus (<i>Poxviridae: Orthopoxvirus: Camelpox virus</i>) in Republic of Kazakhstan and study of its reproduction in various biological systems

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Field Trials of Live and Inactivated Camelpox Vaccines in Kazakhstan

Field Trials of Live and Inactivated Camelpox Vaccines in Kazakhstan

Development of an Inactivated Camelpox Vaccine from Attenuated Camelpox Virus Strain: Safety and Protection in Camels

Epidemiology of Camelpox: New Aspects

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