Isolation from sugar beet fruit and characterization of cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide as a germination inhibitor

Ed, Mitchell; Ne, Tolbert

doi:10.1021/bi00843a021

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In contrast to a previous report (1) we found that CHDC did not inhibit protein synthesis at a concentration that inhibited Abbreviations: CHDC, cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide; CHX, cycloheximide; GA, gibberellic acid; BA, benzyladenine; Pfr, farred-absorbing form of phytochrome. (Table 5).…”

Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…It is highly unlikely that its lack of inhibitory action was due to (1) shows that the difference in respiration between CHDC-treated and CHDC-untreated seeds probably occurred only after the latter had completed germination. Thus, the observed difference was in fact between seedlings growing on water and seeds prevented from germinating by CHDC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results lead us to conclude that CHDC inhibits germination of seeds that require red light to break dormancy and interferes with some aspect of metabolism that is stimulated by far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome. cis-4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CHDC) is a naturally occurring compound that has been extracted from sugar beet seed (1). It inhibits the germination of White Paris lettuce seeds, purportedly by decreasing respiration and protein synthesis (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

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cis -4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide: Inhibitor of phytochrome-promoted seed germination

Bewley¹,

Oaks²

1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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cis4-Cyclohexene-1,2dicarboximide (CHDC) inhibits the germination of light-requiring seeds in both light and darkness but has no effect upon the germination of nonlight-requiring seeds. In lettuce seeds, CHDC inhibits the action of far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome in breaking dormancy. This inhibition can be overcome by benzyladenine and red light together, but not by a combination of red light and gibberellic acid. Gibberellic acid-induced germination of lettuce seeds in darkness is inhibited also by CHDC. Embryos isolated from dark-imbibed lettuce seeds germinate on the inhibitor. CHDC was thought to be an "analogue" of cycloheximide, but it does not inhibit protein synthesis in lettuce seeds. Our results lead us to conclude that CHDC inhibits germination of seeds that require red light to break dormancy and interferes with some aspect of metabolism that is stimulated by far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome. cis-4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CHDC) is a naturally occurring compound that has been extracted from sugar beet seed (1). It inhibits the germination of White Paris lettuce seeds, purportedly by decreasing respiration and protein synthesis (1).However, because this compound does not inhibit germination of maize grains (unpublished data) and does not prevent protein synthesis in growing maize roots (2), we decided to investigate its properties further.

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Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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cis -4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide: Inhibitor of phytochrome-promoted seed germination

Bewley¹,

Oaks²

1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The action of tannins differs from this material in that synthesis is reduced and secretion is not affected. Mitchell and Tolbert (21 ) reported a compound similar to the dormancy factor and identified as cis-4-cyclohexene-1 ,2-dicarboximide from sugar beets. It did not inhibit enzyme synthesis induced by GA3 in endosperm half seeds, but reduced synthesis when added to whole seeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannins as Gibberellin Antagonists in the Synthesis of α-Amylase and Acid Phosphatase by Barley Seeds

Jacobson

Corcoran²

1977

Plant Physiol.

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The tannins chebulinic acid or tarn tannin were added to an incubation system in which GA3 induces enzyme synthesis in endosperm half seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The activity of amyase and acid phosphatase in the incubation medium was reduced compared to the activity in the medium after incubation with GA3 alone. When embryo half seeds of barley were incubated with chebulinic acid or tan tannin in the absence of added GA3, the enzyme activity of the incubation medium was also reduced. The activity of preformed enzymes obtained from endosperm half seeds previously induced with GA3 was not reduced by the addition of tannin. Comparisons were made of the amount of enzyme activity from breis of aleurone layers incubated with GA3 in the presence and absence of tannins. The amounts of activity were relatively small and approximately equal in both cases, indicating that secretion from the aleurone was not blocked by the tannins. The reduction of enzyme activity caused by tannins in both endosperm and embryo half seeds could be completely reversed by the addition of GA3.Although the chemistry of tannins has been studied for over a century and their existence has been known for thousands of years, their function in the plant has received little attention, and remains essentially unknown. Recently, several tannins have been shown to reduce the GA-induced growth of seedlings (11,13,14). The effect is general to both condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. Seedlings of cucumber, pea, and rice have all been used as test plants, and growth induced by any of seven different GAs can be inhibited. The endogenous growth of the plants is not affected and the inhibition is completely reversed by additional GA.The widespread occurrence of compounds antagonistic to such important plant hormones as GAs suggests that tannins may have a role in the normal regulation of GA-induced processes. If tannins are involved in this way, then other GA effects besides shoot growth would be expected to be inhibited. Also, it would be expected that tannins could affect endogenous development normally regulated by GA. The present study concerns the effects of tannins on induction of the hydrolytic enzymes amylase and acid phosphatase in barley seeds. This paper reports that chebulinic acid and tara tannins inhibit enzyme synthesis whether the seeds are induced by exogenous or endogenous GA. Additional GA will completely reverse the inhibition in all cases tested. Schaller, University of Calif., Davis) were prepared and treated as described by Vamer and Chandra (26). Seeds were cut in half transversely to give either a 3-mm endosperm half and an embryo half which was discarded, or to give a 3-mm embryo half and an endosperm half which was discarded. The seed halves were sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite (commercial bleach) for 20 min and rinsed five times with sterile distilled H20. Sterilized endosperm halves were then preincubated on sterile moist sand in Petri dishes for 3 days. Sterilized embryo halves were similarly preincubated f...

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“…1 ) Oxalic acid,Z,3) several phenolic compounds,4 -8) and cis-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicarboximide 9 ) have been isolated as substances responsible for the inhibition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Phenolic Amides in the Seed Balls of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgarisL. var.sacchariferaAlefeld)

Chiji

Giga²,

Izawa³

et al. 1984

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

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Isolation from sugar beet fruit and characterization of cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide as a germination inhibitor

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

cis -4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide: Inhibitor of phytochrome-promoted seed germination

cis -4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide: Inhibitor of phytochrome-promoted seed germination

Tannins as Gibberellin Antagonists in the Synthesis of α-Amylase and Acid Phosphatase by Barley Seeds

Two Phenolic Amides in the Seed Balls of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgarisL. var.sacchariferaAlefeld)

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