Isolation from Human Sera in Egypt of a Virus Apparently Identical to West Nile Virus.

Melnick, Joseph L.; Paul, John R.; Riordan, John T.; Barnett, Vohammie H.; Goldblum, Natan; Zabin, Eva

doi:10.3181/00379727-77-18884

Cited by 113 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Clone F6/16A produced the only antibody with powerful neutralizing activity; this was, however, limited to the homologous virus, and it is of interest that the Smithburn strain of WNV was not recognized by this antibody, although the two strains are indistinguishable by classical means (Melnick et al, 1951;Hammam et al, 1965). This antibody also 'enhanced' the Egypt 101 strain of WNV but failed to 'enhance' the Smithburn strain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Flavivirus West Nile

Peiris

Porterfield

Roehrig

1982

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYMonoclonal antibodies having three different specificities have been prepared against the Egypt 101 strain of West Nile virus (WNV). All were reactive against the envelope glycoprotein in radioimmune precipitation tests, and all enhanced WNV replication in the mouse macrophage line P388D 1. One antibody, which is of IgG2a subclass, had strong neutralizing activity against the homologous virus, although it failed to neutralize a different WNV strain. The other two antibodies, both of IgG1 subclass, had little neutralizing activity, but one had strong reactivity with the haemagglutinin of the inducing virus and other flavivirus haemagglutinins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Flavivirus West Nile

Peiris

Porterfield

Roehrig

1982

Journal of General Virology

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“…The virus strains used in PRNμT were: (1) West Nile virus (WNV) Egyptian topotype strain Eg-101 (Melnick et al, 1951), passaged 17 times in suckling mouse brain, homogenized in PBS with 0.4% of bovine serum albumin fraction V, Sigma (PBS-BSA), and centrifuged; (2) Tahyna virus (TAHV) strain T16 (Bardos et al, 1975), passaged six times in suckling mouse brain, homogenized in PBS-PBS, and centrifuged; (3) Batai virus (BATV) strain 184 (Bardos and Cupkova, 1962), passaged 10 times in suckling mouse brain, homogenized in PBS-BSA, and centrifuged. Unfortunately, we were unable to use Sindbis Alphavirus strains Eg339 or P3328 because they did not produce good plaques in Vero E6 cells.…”

Section: Plaque-reduction Neutralization Microtest (Prnμt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serologic survey of wild boars for mosquito-borne viruses in South Moravia (Czech Republic)

Halouzka¹,

Juricová²,

Janková³

et al. 2008

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:A serosurvey for mosquito-borne viruses was carried out in 93 wild boars (Sus scrofa), using a plaque-reduction neutralization microtest with Vero cells. The boars were sampled on 24 hunting grounds of the Breclav district (South Moravia) from 2000 to 2002. Specific antibodies to Flavivirus West Nile (WNV) were detected in six (6.5%) animals, and only in Lanzhot and Kostice, i.e., in the area of the "Soutok" game reserve where WNV was previously isolated from mosquitoes in South Moravia. However, the antibody titres were comparatively low (1:20-1:40). A substantially higher seroprevalence was revealed against Orthobunyavirus Tahyna (TAHV): 18 (19.4%) wild boars were positive, and the titres ranged from 1:20 up to 1:640. Only one animal (1.1%) seroreacted with Orthobunyavirus Batai (Calovo), at a low titre of 1:20. The sera were additionally examined by a haemagglutination-inhibition test against Alphavirus Sindbis: two boars (2.2%) revealed antibodies, the titres were 1:20 and 1:80. The serosurvey indicates that the activity of mosquito-borne viruses in South Moravia has decreased compared with the past decades, but that surveillance for these viruses is still necessary.

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“…They had arrived in the laboratory in August, 1950, and prior to these Coxsackie experiments, they had been used in work with poliomyelitis virus (¥-SK and Brunhilde) and also with the Egyptian strain of West Nile virus (15), as indicated in Table VII. In the first C virus experiment, an attempt was made to compare the titer of Texas virus in chimpanzees by the oral route with its titer in mice. It was not known at the time of the feeding that these animals had both neutralizing antibodies (and complement-fixing ones in low titer) to the Texas C virus, presumably as a result of exposure before their arrival in New Haven.…”

Section: The Possible Influence Of Coxsackie Infeclion Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Studies of the Virus-Host Relationship in Chimpanzees After Inapparent Infection With Coxsackie Viruses

Melnick

Kaplan

1953

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Following oral administration of Coxsackie viruses (C viruses) to susceptible chimpanzees, these agents can be isolated from the throat for a period of approximately a week, from the blood for a few days, and from the stools for 2 to 3 weeks or even longer. Animals so infected respond with the formation of specific neutralizing antibodies which are maintained for at least 1 to 2 years. Such chimpanzees are immune when challenged orally with homologous strains of virus. They then excrete virus in the stools for 3 or 4 days (passive transfer); no virus can be recovered from the throats and blood of these animals, and neutralizing antibody levels remain unchanged. Animals immune to one antigenic type of C virus can be infected by feeding a different antigenic type. Following such a heterotypic challenge, virus can again be isolated from the throat, blood, and stools; neutralizing antibodies develop to the new strain. Antibodies to the Texas-1 type of C virus were already present in four chimpanzees upon their arrival in the laboratory from Africa. It was possible to set up intestinal carriage of the Texas-1 virus in these animals and to demonstrate a 10- to 100-fold increase in titer of neutralizing, as well as complement-fixing, antibody. Quantitative titrations of the amount of virus present in the stools and throat were performed. Immediately after the first feeding of virus relatively large amounts can be detected in the stools; the titer drops, but may be maintained for as long as 25 days at 10–2 to 10–3, furnishing evidence that virus multiplication has taken place. Virus in the throat reached the same order of magnitude at first as in the stools but there was a rapid decline to zero in a few days. The Ohio-1 virus differed from the others in that it persisted in the throat as long as in the stools, and in several instances reached a higher titer in the throat. Following homotypic challenge with all types, virus could be detected in the stools for only a relatively short period of time and at low concentration. Virus-neutralizing substances could not be detected in the stools or throat swabs of convalescent animals, at a time when their serum-neutralizing antibody titers were high. Under the limited conditions of the present experiments, C viruses had no effect on the infection of chimpanzees with three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus. Both poliomyelitis and C viruses set up independent infections without apparent interaction between them. No enhancement of the poliomyelitis infection took place, as was plain from the fact that none of the infected chimpanzees became paralyzed. a titration of Texas-1 C virus in four chimpanzees revealed that a suspension of infected tissue diluted to 106.0 could cause the development of the carrier state; accidental infection of control animals with other Coxsackie types indicated also that very little virus may be necessary to initiate infection. Seven distinct antigenic types of C virus were inoculated subcutaneously and intramuscularly at the same time into four chimpanzees. The response was the same as that following feeding; virus could be recovered from the throat, blood, and stools, and the animals developed neutralizing antibodies to all seven types of C virus. There was no detectable interference among the viruses. Cortisone did not bring about the reappearance of the virus excretion in chimpanzees previously infected and shown to be intestinal carriers of poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses.

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Isolation from Human Sera in Egypt of a Virus Apparently Identical to West Nile Virus.

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Flavivirus West Nile

Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Flavivirus West Nile

Serologic survey of wild boars for mosquito-borne viruses in South Moravia (Czech Republic)

Quantitative Studies of the Virus-Host Relationship in Chimpanzees After Inapparent Infection With Coxsackie Viruses

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