Isolation and synthesis of shark‐repelling saponins

Williams, John R.; Gong, Hanlin

doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1298-z

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Saponins are natural detergents that form stable foams [1–4]. They contain a lipophilic nucleus and one or more side chains of hydrophilic carbo hydrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Rotavirus Infections In Vitro with Aqueous Extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina

Roner¹,

Tam

Kiesling-Barrager

2010

Future Med. Chem.

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Background-Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide, estimated to be responsible for over 300,000 childhood deaths every year, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus-related deaths represent approximately 5% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. Saponins are readily soluble in water and are approved by the US FDA for inclusion in beverages intended for human consumption. The addition of saponins to existing water supplies offers a new form of intervention into the cycle of rotavirus infection. We believe that saponins will 'coat' the epithelium of the host's small intestine and prevent attachment of rotavirus.

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“…Saponins are natural detergents that form stable foams [1–4]. They contain a lipophilic nucleus and one or more side chains of hydrophilic carbo hydrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Rotavirus Infections In Vitro with Aqueous Extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina

Roner¹,

Tam

Kiesling-Barrager

2010

Future Med. Chem.

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“…Saponins are a structurally diverse group of glycosides and are widely distributed in nature. Although these compounds are typical for plants [1,2], they have also been isolated from animals [3,4].…”

Section: Saponins Their Occurrence Properties and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Modification and Biological Activity of Diosgenyl β-d-Glycosaminosides: An Overview

2020

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Saponins are a structurally diverse class of natural glycosides that possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. They are composed of hydrophilic carbohydrate moiety and hydrophobic triterpenoid or steroid aglycon. Naturally occurring diosgenyl glycosides are the most abundant steroid saponins, and many of them exhibit various pharmacological properties. Herein, we present an overview of semisynthetic saponins syntheses–diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides (d-gluco and d-galacto). These glycosides possess a 2-amino group, which creates great possibilities for further modifications. A wide group of glycosyl donors, different N-protecting groups and various reaction conditions used for their synthesis are presented. In addition, this paper demonstrates the possibilities of chemical modifications of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, associated with functionalisation of the amino group. These provide N-acyl, N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl, N-cinnamoyl, 2-ureido and 2-thiosemicarbazonyl derivatives of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, for which the results of biological activity tests (antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hemolytic) are presented.

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“…Saponins have been reported to be present in more than 100 plant families (Sparg et al, 2004;Güçlü-Üstündag and Mazza, 2007) and in a few marine sources, such as in most star fish and sea cucumber species, and even in a few fish that secrete saponins as shark repellents (Sparg et al, 2004;Williams and Gong, 2004).…”

Section: Saponin Containing Plants Of Major Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Saponins in Madhuca Longifolia as undesirable substances in animal feed

2009

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYSaponins are a diverse group of low molecular-weight secondary plant metabolites that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. The chemical structure of saponins consists of an aglycone of either steroidal or a triterpenoid nature and one or more sugar chains (glycosides). Saponins can form stable foam in aqueous solutions, hence the name "saponin" from the Latin word for soap (sapo). Traditionally, they have been used as detergents, piscicides and molluscicides in addition to industrial applications as foaming and surface active agents.Madhuca longifolia and other Madhuca species are large evergreen or semi-evergreen trees with a dense spreading crown extensively cultivated in warm climates for their oil-containing seeds. The present opinion deals with saponins in Madhuca longifolia and other Madhuca species as potentially undesirable compounds in feed. Possible occurrence of saponins and also cyanogenic glycosides in "unhusked beech mast" from Fagus silvatica with regard to its listing as an undesirable substance in animal feed was also included in the request. However, since it does not contain saponins or cyanogenic glycosides in significant amounts and its reported toxicity in cattle and horses can most likely be attributed to its high content of oxalates, beech mast is not further discussed in this opinion. Saponins in Madhuca longifolia L. as undesirable substances in animal feedThe EFSA Journal (2009) Results from studies on Madhuca seed cakes, which contain saponins, on ruminants indicate that they are more tolerant to Madhuca saponins than monogastric animals and can tolerate inclusion levels of up to a maximum of 20% of the total diet. Toxicity studies of Madhuca seeds on monogastric target animals are scarce. Madhuca seed cake in chick mash at approximately 12% level was lethal. No studies have been conducted on horses, pigs, rabbits or dogs. Except for piscicidal effect of Madhuca saponins by water exposure in guppy fish, no toxicity studies after dietary exposure were identified in fish.Data on occurrence of Madhuca as a botanical impurity in feed are not available. Because of its limited value as feed for livestock Madhuca is not imported into the EU either as whole seeds or as meal. In producing countries, Madhuca cake is used mainly as a fertiliser and to a limited extent as feed because of its protein content. Data for the carry-over and residues of Madhuca saponins are not available. Madhuca products are not consumed by humans as part of the diet and human dietary exposure to Madhuca saponin through the consumption of animal products is very unlikely as the only potential source would be imported food of animal origin from animals fed Madhuca. The CONTAM Panel concludes that human dietary exposure to Madhuca saponins in the EU can be considered as negligible.

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Isolation and synthesis of shark‐repelling saponins

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Prevention of Rotavirus Infections In Vitro with Aqueous Extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina

Prevention of Rotavirus Infections In Vitro with Aqueous Extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina

Synthesis, Modification and Biological Activity of Diosgenyl β-d-Glycosaminosides: An Overview

Saponins in Madhuca Longifolia as undesirable substances in animal feed

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