Isolation and restraint stress results in differential activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin neurons in sheep

Rivalland, Elizabeth Therese Astrid; Clarke, Iain J.; Turner, Anne I.; Pompolo, Sueli; Tilbrook, Alan John

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.045

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…One study (4), which included gonadectomized and gonad intact sheep (luteal phase females), found that females had a greater cortisol response than males, and in three other studies (13)(14)(15) in gonadectomized sheep, we found no sex differences. The reasons for these differences between studies are not clear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 48%

Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

et al. 2010

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Sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in sheep appear to be dependent on the stressor encountered and occur irrespective of the presence of gonadal steroids. We tested the hypotheses that cortisol responses to exercise, endotoxin, wetting (experiment 1), and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress differ between gonadectomized male and female sheep. At weekly intervals (in experiment 1), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n ϭ 6/group) to control conditions, to exercise stress, to iv injection of endotoxin, and to wetting stress. In a second experiment (experiment 2), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n ϭ 5/group) to control conditions or to isolation/restraint stress. In both experiments, we measured plasma concentrations of cortisol before, during, and after stress at a frequency of at least 15 min with samples collected (from an indwelling jugular catheter) at a greater frequency around the time of the stressor. Cortisol responses to wetting (experiment 1) and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress were significantly higher in females compared with males but in response to exercise (experiment 1) and endotoxin (experiment 1) stress, there were no differences between the sexes. For some stressors, there are sex differences in sheep in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis that are independent of the presence of the sex steroids, but the existence of these sex differences and the direction of these sex differences differs, depending on the stressor imposed. (Endocrinology 151: 4324 -4331, 2010) S ustained or repeated stress can lead to a range of chronic disease states such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, autoimmunity, allergy, insomnia, depression, pain syndromes, and fatigue syndromes (1). Stress can be defined as a complex physiological state that embodies a range of integrative physiological and behavioral processes that occur when there is a real or perceived threat to homeostasis (2). A common response to stress is the activation of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis, which results in the sequential secretion of CRH and arginine vasopressin from the hypothalamus, ACTH from the anterior pituitary, and glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Together with other pathways, activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis returns the organism to a state of homeostasis, but pathologies can develop when the activation of these pathways is severe and/or prolonged. Cortisol is thought to be responsible for many of the longer term effects of stress.There is an increasing amount of evidence to show that different physiological characteristics of an individual can influence cortisol responses to stress (3). For example, cortisol responses to stress can be influenced by the sex of an individual (4 -6), the amount of visceral adipose tissue an individual is carrying (7), and whether an individual is lactating (8). There also appear to be individuals who are naturally more or les...

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confidence: 48%

Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

et al. 2010

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“…In large animals, such as sheep or pigs, similar neurobiological factors have been found to be involved in emotional responses, especially in stressful situations. Invasive neurobiological approaches based on functional neuroanatomy (sheep: da Costa et al 2004, Rivalland et al 2007, Vellucci & Parrott 1994, intracerebroventricular pharmacology (pigs: Johnson et al 1994, Salak-Johnson et al 2004, and neurochemical brain content (e.g. in pigs, Kanitz et al 2003, Loijens et al 2002, Piekarzewska et al 1999, Piekarzewska et al 2000, Zanella et al 1996 have demonstrated the involvement of neuropeptides such as CRF and enkephalins in different brain areas including the hypothalamus, brainstem and cortices.…”

Section: Emotional Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI Techniques and New Animal Models for Imaging the Brain

Chaillou¹,

Tillet²,

Andersson³

2012

When Things Go Wrong - Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain

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“…A similar finding was also observed in another surgical castration study in cattle, in which the elevation in cortisol concentrations did not differ from the control animals, which were only handled (Coetzee et al, 2008). Increases in cortisol are also associated with psychological stressors such as weaning (Kim et al, 2011), isolation (Rivalland et al, 2007;Tilbrook et al, 2008) and transportation (Qiu et al, 2007;Kostro et al, 2009;Giannetto et al, 2011). It has been suggested by Stafford and Mellor (2005) that isolation and restraint are emotionally noxious experiences to the animals.…”

Section: Cortisolsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Surgical castration in ruminants is often associated with significant increases in the stress hormone cortisol (Melches et al, 2007;Bonelli et al, 2008;Paull et al, 2009), and haptoglobin (Hp) as the major acute phase protein in ruminants (Paull et al, 2009;Petherick et al, 2014b). However despite robust cortisol and Hp responses to surgical trauma, significant changes in these biomarkers can also be associated with psychological stressors, such as weaning (Kim et al, 2011), isolation (Rivalland et al, 2007) and transportation (Qiu et al, 2007;Kostro et al, 2009;Giannetto et al, 2011). Thus it is often difficult to clarify whether cortisol and Hp responses are specifically related to the pain of surgical castration per se, or possibly more generalised stress responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In ruminants, measurements of cortisol and Hp, and assessment of behavioural changes have been well established for this purpose, however there are still limitations in using these parameters, as they are also indicators of psychological stress (Rivalland et al, 2007;Kim et al, 2011). Moreover, assessing behaviour in prey animals like ruminants can be challenging as they are inclined to hide their pain in the presence of humans who are unfamiliar to them (Anil et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Refining a ‘toolkit’ for objective assessment of pain and stress in ruminants

Othman¹

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Pain is a complex phenomenon, and to address pain management in animals, the presence of pain needs to be determined. Most studies assess the presence of pain based on the appraisal of either a single biomarker or a combination of a few parameters, which were often not examined simultaneously. In ruminants, measurements of cortisol and haptoglobin (Hp), and the assessment of behavioural changes have been the standard practice for this purpose. Nevertheless, there are still limitations in using these parameters, as they are also indicators of psychological stress, and can be misinterpreted as to indicate the presence of pain. Assessment of behavioural changes in ruminants can be difficult as prey animals conceal their experience of pain to avoid predators' attention.Therefore it is recommended that a reliable assessment tool be devised that includes a combination of various parameters to determine the presence of pain in ruminants in order to address pain management effectively.The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the conventional and contemporary biomarkers to determine the response of an animal to a noxious experience, and to refine a multi-parameter 'toolkit' that can be applied in assessing pain in ruminants. For these purposes, castration was used as a model of a common painful husbandry procedure that presumably evokes pain associated with the tissue injury.Merino cross lambs were assigned to two groups that were either surgically castrated or subjected to restraint stress (control). Castration was an open surgical technique without the provision of anaesthesia or analgesia. The conventional biomarkers estimated were plasma cortisol, Hp and betaendorphin (β-EP). The contemporary biomarkers measured were interleukin-6 (IL-6), substance P (SP), and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). The peripheral leukocytes expression of IL-6 and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of β-EP were also estimated. Behavioural changes were recorded to assess pain-related behaviour caused by the surgical procedure.Following treatment, the cortisol concentration in the castrated lambs was higher than control animals from ten minutes to two hours post-castration, indicative of the acute noxious experience associated with the surgical procedure. Surgical castration also caused a response in SP indicative of nociception and neurogenic inflammation, which was increased from 30 minutes and became significant eight hours following castration. The behavioural assessment showed that the castrated lambs demonstrated statue standing, a pain-like behaviour, from three to five hours post-castration, which were associated with the increase in SP, indicative of the pain sensitisation caused by the tissue injury. Increase in the systemic inflammatory mediators, the Hp and IL-6 were observed from ii day two, in which Hp remained significant until day four and resolved by day five. The IL-6 continued to increase over time, suggesting of an ongoing inflammatory response and inflammatory pain possibly until wound healing had occurre...

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Isolation and restraint stress results in differential activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin neurons in sheep

Cited by 26 publications

References 57 publications

Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

MRI Techniques and New Animal Models for Imaging the Brain

Refining a ‘toolkit’ for objective assessment of pain and stress in ruminants

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