Isolation and identification of two major recalcitrant toxaphene congeners in aquatic biota

Stern, Gary A.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Ford, C.A.; Grift, Norbert P.; Dewailly, E.L.; Bidleman, Terry F.; Walla, Michael D.

doi:10.1021/es00033a020

Cited by 133 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This confirms also that CHB 50 is one of the more persistent CHBs (26,32). The peak area ratios are relatively high in most heart-cuts except in one herring muscle analysis (Ultra 2/Rtx 2330).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Multidimensional Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Toxaphene

Boer¹,

Geus²,

Brinkman³

1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The pesticide toxaphene with a total worldwide production of 1.3 Mt is found in the aquatic environment with a widespread, global distribution. Its analysis is difficult due to its complex character. A technical toxaphene mixture and a number of biological samples were analyzed by multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC). Four different column combinations were used: DB5/DX4, DB5/FFAP, Ultra 2/DX4, and Ultra 2/Rtx 2330. The technical mixture consists of at least 246 congeners, while only 107 peaks were found in a one-dimensional GC/ECD chromatogram. The major peaks present in the technical mixture and biological samples mostly consist of 2-10 toxaphene congeners. These results show that in most cases single-column chromatography is not suitable for a congener-specific determination of the toxaphene congeners. The Rtx 2330 column is recommended as the best choice as a second column in MDGC of toxaphene, particularly because of its stability at higher temperatures and because of a slightly better separation, although the differences in results obtained with the different column combinations were relatively small. The relatively high concentrations of toxaphene in European fish, which may even lead to exceeding the tolerance levels for human consumption, and in marine mammals demand a proper monitoring of total toxaphene and individual CHBs in relevant samples from European aquatic ecosystems.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Multidimensional Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Toxaphene

Boer¹,

Geus²,

Brinkman³

1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Baffin Island and (6) S. Hudson Bay: Muir et al (1999), (7) S. Beaufort Sea: Muir (1994Muir ( , 1996de March et al (1998), (8) E. Beaufort Sea: Muir et al (1990), (9) E. Chukchi Sea, (10) E. Bering Sea and (11) Cook Inlet: Becker et al (1995Becker et al ( , 1997; Krahn et al (1999). 19-20 CHB congeners. Although CHB-26 and -50, reported in this study, are normally among the most abundant CHB congeners found in marine mammal samples (Stern et al, 1992;Muir et al, 1999;Vetter and Oehme, 2000), the small number of congeners reported in this study undoubtedly biases the Svalbard results downwards to some extent.…”

Section: Spatial Trends Of Chb Levelsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Levels of toxaphene congeners in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Føreid

Skaare

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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This study reports concentrations of three pesticide toxaphene congeners (CHBs; from the blubber of ten adult, male white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway. The CHB congeners that occurred at the highest levels in the blubber of the white whales were, as expected, CHB-26 (4636 F 1992 (SD) ng/g l.w.) and CHB-50 (6579 F 2214 ng/g l.w.); CHB-62 (232 F 231 ng/g l.w.) was also present, but at much lower concentrations. The mean level of the sum of the three CHBs (ACHBs = 11,447 F 4208 ng/g l.w.) in this study is more than twice the mean concentrations of the well-known organochlorine (OC) pollutants ADDTs (sum of ppV-DDT, ppV-DDE, ppV-DDD) and APCBs (sum of 27 PCB congeners) previously reported from the same individual white whales. The concentrations of CHBs in white whales from Svalbard are at the high end of the range for concentrations of these compounds compared to other Arctic white whale populations. Additionally, the contribution of CHBs to the overall OC burden is larger in white whales from Svalbard compared with their counterparts from other areas in the Arctic. Male white whales from Svalbard have several orders of magnitude higher concentrations of ACHBs compared to seals and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the same area. The high levels of CHBs in these whales, and their dominance in the OC pattern, suggests that white whales in Svalbard are exposed to high levels of this group of contaminants. Further studies are needed to investigate possible effects of CHBs and other OC contaminants on the white whale population in Svalbard. D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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“…Interestingly, TC1 was assumed to be identical with a CTI" recently isolated by Stern et al from sediment followed by structure eludication [35]. The structure of this compound shows an alternating endo-exoendo-exo substitution at C2, C3, C5, and C6 which also accounts for the octachloro CTT B8-1413 (Parlar #26) and the nonachloro CTT B9-1679 (Parlar #50) [13][14][15].…”

Section: Heptachloro Ctts In Antarctic Seal Blubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geminal chloro substituents on a secondary carbon were suspected to be the labile part of polychlorinated bornanes [11,12]. So far, two major recalcitrant CTTs in marine mammals have been identified as B8-1413 (also called T2, TOX8, or Parlar #26) and B9-1679 (T12, TOX9, Parlar #50, Toxicant AC) [13][14][15][16]. Recently, we have isolated and identified B7-1453 (TOX7), a further major CTT in marine samples [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%