Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba from pond water of parks in a tropical and subtropical region in the Middle East, and its relation with physicochemical parameters

Ghaderifar, Shiva; Najafpoor, Ali Asghar; Zarrinfar, Hossein; Esmaily, Habibollah; Hajialilo, Elham

doi:10.1186/s12866-018-1301-x

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The PCR-products electrophoresis was done on 2% agarose gel, stained with the green viewer and visualized under blue light. The PCR products were then sequenced to confirm the amplified fragment and genotypic identification [6].…”

Section: Description Of Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in Mashhad city, Can the physicochemical factors affect it?

et al. 2018

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Section: Description Of Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in Mashhad city, Can the physicochemical factors affect it?

et al. 2018

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“…In immunosuppressed patients, Acanthamoeba may cause encephalitis [5]. Acanthamoeba is endemic in under-resourced populations in the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America [6–11]. Acanthamoeba is an emerging pathogen in Europe, North America, and Australia, where 80 to 90% of infections are associated with contact lens use [12–14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls

Magistrado-Coxen¹,

Aqeel²,

Lopez³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Acanthamoeba castellanii , which causes keratitis and blindness in under-resourced countries, is an emerging pathogen worldwide, because of its association with contact lens use. The wall makes cysts resistant to sterilizing reagents in lens solutions and to antibiotics applied to the eye. Methodology/Principal findings Transmission electron microscopy and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) showed purified cyst walls of A . castellanii retained an outer ectocyst layer, an inner endocyst layer, and conical ostioles that connect them. Mass spectrometry showed candidate cyst wall proteins were dominated by three families of lectins (named here Jonah, Luke, and Leo), which bound well to cellulose and less well to chitin. An abundant Jonah lectin, which has one choice-of-anchor A (CAA) domain, was made early during encystation and localized to the ectocyst layer of cyst walls. An abundant Luke lectin, which has two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM49), outlined small, flat ostioles in a single-layered primordial wall and localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles of mature walls. An abundant Leo lectin, which has two unique domains with eight Cys residues each (8-Cys), localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles. The Jonah lectin and glycopolymers, to which it binds, were accessible in the ectocyst layer. In contrast, Luke and Leo lectins and the glycopolymers, to which they bind, were mostly inaccessible in the endocyst layer and ostioles. Conclusions/Significance The most abundant A . castellanii cyst wall proteins are three sets of lectins, which have carbohydrate-binding modules that are conserved (CBM49s of Luke), newly characterized (CAA of Jonah), or unique to Acanthamoebae (8-Cys of Leo). Cyst wall formation is a tightly choreographed event, in which lectins and glycopolymers combine to form a mature wall with a protected endocyst layer. Because of its accessibility in the ectocyst layer, an abundant Jonah lectin is an excellent diagnostic target.

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“…and Naegleria spp. Dodangeh et al ( 2018 ) Iran Recreational hot spring 24 11 Morphology, PCR Acanthamoeba castellanii T4 Ghaderifar et al 2018 Iran Parks pond water (13) 90 31 Morphology, PCR Acanthamoeba T4 Hikal et al ( 2018 ) Egypt Swimming pool (5) 100 24 Morphology, PCR Naegleria fowleri Hikal et al ( 2018 ) Egypt Swimming pool (5) 100 79 Morphology, PCR Naegleria spp. Lares-Jiménez et al ( 2018 ) Mexico Hot spring (1) 8 8 Morphology, PCR N. lovaniensis , A. jacobsi , Stenamoeba sp., and Vermamoeba vermiformis Latiff et al ( 2018 ) Malaysia Recreational hot spring (5) 52 38 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are cosmopolitan microorganisms known to be pathogenic to humans who often have a history of contact with contaminated water. Swimming pools and recreational waters are among the environments where the greatest human exposure to FLA occurs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters, through a systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies published between 1977 and 2022. A total of 106 studies were included and an overall prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters of 44.34% (95% CI = 38.57–50.18) was found. Considering the studies published up to 2010 (1977–2010), between 2010 and 2015, and those published after 2010 (> 2010–2022), the prevalence was 53.09% (95% CI = 43.33–62.73) and 37.07% (95% CI = 28.87–45.66) and 45.40% (95% CI = 35.48–55.51), respectively. The highest prevalence was found in the American continent (63.99%), in Mexico (98.35%), and in indoor hot swimming pools (52.27%). The prevalence varied with the variation of FLA detection methods, morphology (57.21%), PCR (25.78%), and simultaneously morphology and PCR (43.16%). The global prevalence by genera was Vahlkampfia spp. (54.20%), Acanthamoeba spp. (33.47%), Naegleria spp. (30.95%), Hartmannella spp./ Vermamoeba spp. (20.73%), Stenamoeba spp . (12.05%), and Vannella spp. (10.75%). There is considerable risk of FLA infection in swimming pools and recreational waters. Recreational water safety needs to be routinely monitored and, in case of risk, locations need to be identified with warning signs and users need to be educated. Swimming pools and artificial recreational water should be properly disinfected. Photolysis of NaOCl or NaCl in water by UV-C radiation is a promising alternative to disinfect swimming pools and artificial recreational waters. Graphical abstract Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-022-07631-3.

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Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba from pond water of parks in a tropical and subtropical region in the Middle East, and its relation with physicochemical parameters

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in Mashhad city, Can the physicochemical factors affect it?

Naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in Mashhad city, Can the physicochemical factors affect it?

The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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